Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory, multifactorial diseases where the major triggering factors for disease onset are bacteria and their toxins, but the major part of tissue destruction occurs as a result of host response towards the periodontal microbiome. Periodontal microbiome consists of a wide range of microorganisms including obligate and facultative anaerobes. In health, there is a dynamic balance between the host, environment, and the microbiome. Environmental factors, mainly tobacco smoking and psychological stress, disrupt the symbiotic relationship. Tobacco smoke and its components alter the bacterial surface and functions such as growth. Psychological stressors and stress hormones may affect the outcome of an infection by changing the virulence factors and/or host response. This review aims to provide currently available data on the effects of the major environmental factors on the periodontal microbiome.

中文翻译：

---

环境因素与牙周微生物组

牙周疾病是慢性炎症性多因素疾病，其中疾病发作的主要触发因素是细菌及其毒素，但是组织破坏的主要部分是宿主对牙周微生物组的反应而发生的。牙周微生物组由多种微生物组成，包括专性厌氧菌和兼性厌氧菌。在健康方面，宿主，环境和微生物组之间存在动态平衡。环境因素，主要是吸烟和心理压力，破坏了共生关系。烟草烟雾及其成分会改变细菌的表面和功能，例如生长。心理应激源和应激激素可能会通过改变毒力因子和/或宿主反应来影响感染的结果。