With the goal of zero-liquid discharge and green energy harvest, extraction of abundant green energy from saline water via pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) technology is a promising but challenging issue for water treatment technologies to achieve water and energy sustainability. Development of high performance PRO membranes has received increased concerns yet still under controversy in practical applications. In this review, a comprehensive and up-to-date discussion of some key historical developments is first introduced covering the major advances of PRO engineering applications and novel membranes especially made in recent years. Then the critical performance indicators of PRO membranes including water flux and power density are briefly discussed. Subsequently, sufficient discussion on four performance limiting factors in PRO membrane and process is presented including concentration polarization, reverse solute diffusion, membrane fouling and mechanical stability. To fully address these issues, an updated insight is provided into recent major progresses on advanced fabrication and modification techniques of novel PRO membranes featuring enhanced performance with different configurations and materials, which are also reviewed in detail based on the viewpoint of design rationales. Afterwards, antifouling strategies and engineering applications are critically introduced. Finally, conclusions and future perspective of PRO membrane for practical operation are briefly discussed.

以零液体排放和绿色能源收集为目标，通过压力渗透（PRO）技术从盐水中提取大量绿色能源是水处理技术实现水和能源可持续性的一个有希望但具有挑战性的问题。高性能PRO膜的开发已引起越来越多的关注，但在实际应用中仍存在争议。在这篇评论中，首先对一些关键的历史发展进行了全面，最新的讨论，涵盖了PRO工程应用和特别是近年来制造的新型膜的重大进步。然后简要讨论了PRO膜的关键性能指标，包括水通量和功率密度。后来，充分讨论了PRO膜和工艺中的四个性能限制因素，包括浓度极化，反向溶质扩散，膜污染和机械稳定性。为了完全解决这些问题，提供了对新型PRO膜的先进制造和改性技术的最新重大进展的最新见解，这些新型PRO膜具有不同构造和材料的增强性能，并且还将根据设计原理的观点进行详细审查。之后，关键地介绍了防污策略和工程应用。最后，简要讨论了PRO膜实际应用的结论和未来展望。为了完全解决这些问题，提供了对新型PRO膜的先进制造和改性技术的最新重大进展的最新见解，这些新型PRO膜具有不同构造和材料的增强性能，并且还将根据设计原理的观点进行详细审查。之后，关键地介绍了防污策略和工程应用。最后，简要讨论了PRO膜实际应用的结论和未来展望。为了完全解决这些问题，提供了对新型PRO膜的先进制造和改性技术的最新重大进展的最新见解，这些新型PRO膜具有不同构造和材料的增强性能，并且还将根据设计原理的观点进行详细审查。之后，关键地介绍了防污策略和工程应用。最后，简要讨论了PRO膜实际应用的结论和未来展望。严格介绍了防污策略和工程应用。最后，简要讨论了PRO膜实际应用的结论和未来展望。严格介绍了防污策略和工程应用。最后，简要讨论了PRO膜实际应用的结论和未来展望。