There are growing concerns about the extensive use of synthetic fungicides worldwide due to their negative health effect on humans, ecosystem, and the development of fungal resistance. Therefore, developing new and safe eco-friendly antifungal agents such as plant-based oils is of major interest. This study was conducted for the first time to develop and evaluate the efficiency of eco-friendly nanoemulsions of some natural oils and evaluating of its efficiency against postharvest fruit rot of cucumber caused by the following fungal isolates: Galactomyces candidum (MF373433), Alternaria tenuissima (MF 373440) and Fusarium solani (MF373443). Nanoemulsions of clove, black seed, lemon, and orange oils were formulated by using ultrasound and subjected to physicochemical and stability studies. The efficiency of these nanoemulsions was evaluated against the postharvest fruit rot fungi of cucumber. The oils of promising nanoemulsions have been analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC/MS). The acute toxicity study was conducted on rats and on the luminescence emitted of Vibrio fischeri bacteriausing Microtox®. The smaller droplet size of nanoemulsions was found after 10 min of sonication with an oil to Tween 80 ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 for clove and black seed oils, respectively. Nanoemulsion of black seed and clove oils from Egypt at 5000 ppm showed a significantly high reduction in the linear mycelial growth of fungal isolates. The mixture formula (2:1 v/v) of nanoemulsions of clove and black seed oils showed a significantly high reduction in linear mycelial growth, completely inhibited (100%) conidia sporulation of fungal isolates, and highly reduced the percentage of the rot of germinated seeds as well mortality of cucumber developed seedlings. Nanoemulsion formulation of clove and black seed (2:1) at concentration 2.0 % as soaking treatment of cucumber fruits before artificial infestation by inocula of fungal pathogens caused completely (100%) suppress postharvest fruit rot of cucumber. Both clove and black seed oils nanoemulsions and their combination showed no signs of toxicity or mortality in rats and no toxic effects on the luminescence emitted of Vibrio fischeri bacteria using Microtox® assay. Therefore, it can be concluded that the nanoformulation of clove and black seed oils at the ratio of 2:1 is a promising green and safe alternative to synthetic fungicide for application against postharvest rot of cucumber fruits.

由于合成杀真菌剂对人类，生态系统的不利影响以及真菌抗性的发展，人们越来越关注合成杀真菌剂在全球范围内的广泛使用。因此，开发新型和安全的环保型抗真菌剂（例如植物基油）具有重大意义。这项研究是首次进行，目的是开发和评估某些天然油类的生态友好型纳米乳剂的功效，并评估其对以下真菌分离物引起的黄瓜收获后果实腐烂的功效：半乳杆菌（MF 373433），链格孢菌（Alternaria tenuissima（ MF 373440）和枯萎镰刀菌（MF373443）。丁香油，黑籽油，柠檬油和橙油的纳米乳剂是通过超声配制的，并经过了理化和稳定性研究。评估了这些纳米乳液对黄瓜采后果实腐烂真菌的效率。已经通过气相色谱-质谱分析法（GC / MS）分析了有前途的纳米乳液的油。对大鼠和费氏弧菌的发光进行了急性毒性研究细菌使用Microtox®。丁香油和黑籽油分别以1：1和1：2的油与吐温80比率进行超声处理10分钟后，发现纳米乳液的液滴尺寸较小。来自埃及的黑籽油和丁香油的纳米乳液（浓度为5000 ppm）显示出真菌分离物的线性菌丝生长显着降低。丁香和黑种子油的纳米乳剂的混合公式（2：1 v / v）显示线性菌丝体生长明显降低，完全抑制了真菌分离物的分生孢子孢子形成（100％），并且极大地降低了腐烂菌的腐烂百分比发芽的种子以及黄瓜发达幼苗的死亡率。丁香和黑种子（2：1）的浓度为2的纳米乳剂。0％作为完全由真菌病原体接种引起的人工侵染前黄瓜果实的浸泡处理（100％）抑制了黄瓜果实采后腐烂。丁香油和黑籽油纳米乳液及其组合均未在大鼠中显示出毒性或死亡的迹象，并且未对大鼠发出的发光产生毒性作用使用Microtox®分析法检测费氏弧菌。因此，可以得出结论，以2：1的比例对丁香和黑种子油进行纳米配方，是一种有前途的绿色安全替代品，可替代合成杀菌剂，用于黄瓜果实采后腐烂。