Background

Globally, there is increasing scientific evidence of critical links between the oceans and human health, with research into issues such as pollution, harmful algal blooms and nutritional contributions. However, Oceans and Human Health (OHH) remains an emerging discipline. As such these links are poorly recognized in policy efforts such as the Sustainable Development Goals, with OHH not included in either marine (SDG14) or health (SDG3) goals. This is arguably short-sighted given recent development strategies such as the EU Blue Growth Agenda.

Objectives

In this systematic map we aim to build on recent efforts to enhance OHH in Europe by setting a baseline of existing evidence, asking: What links have been researched between marine environments and the positive and negative impacts to human health and wellbeing?

Methods

We searched eight bibliographic databases and queried 57 organizations identified through stakeholder consultation. Results include primary research and systematic reviews which were screened double blind against pre-defined inclusion criteria as per a published protocol. Studies were limited to Europe, US, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Data was extracted according to a stakeholder-defined code book. A narrative synthesis explores the current evidence for relationships between marine exposures and human health outcomes, trends in knowledge gaps and change over time in the OHH research landscape. The resulting database is available on the website of the Seas, Oceans and Public Health in Europe website (https://sophie2020.eu/).

Results

A total of 1,542 unique articles were included in the database, including those examined within 56 systematic reviews. Research was dominated by a US focus representing 50.1% of articles. A high number of articles were found to link: marine biotechnology and cardiovascular or immune conditions, consumption of seafood and cardiovascular health, chemical pollution and neurological conditions, microbial pollution and gastrointestinal or respiratory health, and oil industry occupations with mental health. A lack of evidence relates to direct impacts of plastic pollution and work within a number of industries identified as relevant by stakeholders. Research over time is dominated by marine biotechnology, though this is narrow in focus. Pollution, food and disease/injury research follow similar trajectories. Wellbeing and climate change have emerged more recently as key topics but lag behind other categories in volume of evidence.

Conclusions

The evidence base for OHH of relevance to European policy is growing but remains patchy and poorly co-ordinated. Considerable scope for future evidence synthesis exists to better inform policy-makers, though reviews need to better incorporate complex exposures. Priorities for future research include: proactive assessments of chemical pollutants, measurable impacts arising from climate change, effects of emerging marine industries, and regional and global assessments for OHH interactions. Understanding of synergistic effects across multiple exposures and outcomes using systems approaches is recommended to guide policies within the Blue Growth Strategy. Co-ordination of research across Europe and dedicated centres of research would be effective first steps.

中文翻译：

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审查欧洲海洋与人类健康关系的证据：系统地图

背景

在全球范围内，越来越多的科学证据表明，海洋与人类健康之间存在着至关重要的联系，并且正在研究诸如污染，有害藻华和营养贡献等问题。但是，海洋与人类健康（OHH）仍然是一门新兴学科。因此，这些联系在诸如可持续发展目标之类的政策努力中很少得到认可，OHH既未纳入海洋目标（SDG14），也未纳入健康目标（SDG3）。考虑到最近的发展战略，例如《欧盟蓝色增长议程》，这可以说是短视的。

目标

在这个系统的地图中，我们旨在通过建立现有证据的基准，在近期为增强欧洲OHH所做的努力的基础上，提出以下问题：海洋环境与对人类健康和福祉的正面和负面影响之间进行了哪些研究？

方法

我们搜索了8个书目数据库，并查询了通过利益相关者协商确定的57个组织。结果包括基础研究和系统评价，并根据已发布的方案对预定义的纳入标准进行了双盲筛选。研究仅限于欧洲，美国，澳大利亚，新西兰和加拿大。根据利益相关者定义的代码本提取数据。叙述性综述探索了OHH研究领域中海洋暴露与人类健康结局，知识差距趋势以及随时间变化之间关系的当前证据。结果数据库可在欧洲海洋，海洋与公共卫生网站（https://sophie2020.eu/）上找到。

结果

数据库中总共包括1,542篇独特文章，包括在56篇系统评价中进行了审查的文章。研究主要集中在美国，占论文总数的50.1％。发现有很多文章与以下内容相关：海洋生物技术与心血管疾病或免疫疾病，海产品消费与心血管健康，化学污染与神经疾病，微生物污染与胃肠道或呼吸系统疾病以及石油行业的精神健康职业。缺乏证据涉及塑料污染和利益相关者认为相关的许多行业中的工作的直接影响。随着时间的推移，研究工作主要由海洋生物技术主导，尽管重点很狭窄。污染，食物和疾病/伤害研究遵循相似的轨迹。

结论

与欧洲政策相关的职业健康与安全的证据基础正在增长，但仍然不完整且协调不力。尽管审查需要更好地纳入复杂的风险，但未来证据综合的巨大范围可以更好地为决策​​者提供信息。未来研究的重点包括：化学污染物的主动评估，气候变化产生的可测量影响，新兴海洋产业的影响以及OHH相互作用的区域和全球评估。建议使用系统方法了解多种风险和结果之间的协同效应，以指导“蓝色增长战略”中的政策。协调欧洲各地的研究与专门的研究中心将是有效的第一步。