Abstract Optimization of photovoltaic (PV) panel orientation is a significant part of economic evaluation. However, designing a PV system according to only one theoretical optimal orientation is challenging. Installing a PV panel at a specific orientation can cause low economic efficiency, depending on the features of the area. Therefore, in this study, a new term—the tolerance angle—is introduced for quantitatively analyzing the tolerance of the optimal orientation. This term provides a range for the optimal panel orientation according to the target loss and can be used in decision making for practical optimization of PV panel orientation. The validation of the assumption in the definition and calculation model for the tolerance angle is presented and analyzed. Additionally, a simple calculation formula for the theoretical optimal orientation and tolerance angle is derived. The formula can be used in practical applications without complex calculations or considerable data. The tolerance angle is useful in many practical applications, including sites with restrictions. The results of this study are expected to enhance the practicality of panel orientation optimization and thereby improve actual PV panel installation.

中文翻译：

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光伏板实际最佳定向的容差角概念及公式

摘要 光伏（PV）面板方向的优化是经济评估的重要组成部分。然而，仅根据一个理论最佳方向设计光伏系统是具有挑战性的。在特定方向安装光伏电池板会导致经济效益低下，具体取决于该地区的特点。因此，在本研究中，引入了一个新术语——公差角——用于定量分析最佳取向的公差。该术语根据目标损耗提供了最佳面板方向的范围，可用于决策以实际优化 PV 面板方向。提出并分析了公差角定义和计算模型中假设的验证。此外，推导出理论最佳取向和公差角的简单计算公式。该公式可用于实际应用，无需复杂计算或大量数据。公差角在许多实际应用中都很有用，包括有限制的站点。这项研究的结果有望提高面板方向优化的实用性，从而改善实际的光伏面板安装。