In plants, next to the secondary messengers lies an array of signal relaying molecules among which Calmodulins convey the unequivocal alarms of calcium influxes to Calmodulin-Binding Transcription Activators (CAMTA). Upon reception, CAMTA transcription factors decode the calcium signatures by transcribing the genes corresponding to the specific stimulus, thus have direct/indirect engagement in the complex signalling crosstalk. CAMTA transcription factors make an important contribution to the genome of all eukaryotes, including plants, from Brassica napus (18) to Carica papaya (2), the number of CAMTA genes varies across the plant species, however they exhibit a similar evolutionarily conserved domain organization including a DNA-Binding Domain (CG-1), a Transcription Factor Immunoglobulin Binding Domain (TIG), a Calmodulin-Binding Domain (CaMBD/IQ) and several Ankyrin repeats. The regulatory region of CAMTA genes possess multiple stress-responsive cis motifs including ABRE, SARE, G-box, W-box, AuXRE, DRE and others. CAMTA TFs in Arabidopsis have been studied extensively, however in other plants (with a few exceptions), the evidence merely bases upon expression analyses. CAMTAs are reported to orchestrate biotic as well as abiotic stresses including those occurring due to water and temperature fluctuations as well as heavy metals, light and salinity. Through CG-1 domain, CAMTA TFs bind the CG-box in the promoter of their target genes and modulate their expression under adverse conditions. Here we present a glimpse of how calcium signatures are coded and decoded and translated into necessary responses. In addition, we have emphasized on exploitation of the multiple-stress responsive nature of CAMTAs in engineering plants with desired traits.

中文翻译：

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钙调蛋白结合转录激活剂：钙信号传导与植物胁迫耐受性之间的相互作用

在植物中，第二信使旁边是一系列信号中继分子，其中钙调蛋白将钙流入的明确警报传达给钙调蛋白结合转录激活剂 (CAMTA)。接收后，CAMTA 转录因子通过转录与特定刺激相对应的基因来解码钙信号，从而直接/间接参与复杂的信号串扰。CAMTA 转录因子对包括植物在内的所有真核生物的基因组做出重要贡献，从欧洲油菜 (18) 到番木瓜 (2)，CAMTA 基因的数量因植物物种而异，但它们表现出相似的进化保守域组织包括 DNA 结合域 (CG-1)、转录因子免疫球蛋白结合域 (TIG)、一个钙调蛋白结合域 (CaMBD/IQ) 和几个锚蛋白重复。CAMTA 基因的调控区具有多个应激反应顺式基序，包括 ABRE、SARE、G-box、W-box、AuXRE、DRE 等。拟南芥中的 CAMTA TF 已被广泛研究，但是在其他植物中（除了少数例外），证据仅基于表达分析。据报道，CAMTA 可协调生物和非生物胁迫，包括因水和温度波动以及重金属、光和盐分而发生的胁迫。通过 CG-1 结构域，CAMTA TFs 结合其靶基因启动子中的 CG-box 并在不利条件下调节其表达。在这里，我们简要介绍了钙信号如何编码和解码并转化为必要的反应。此外，