Abstract Lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries are considered promising candidates for next-generation energy storage devices due to their ultrahigh theoretical gravimetric energy density, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. However, the application of Li–S batteries remains challenging; mainly due to a lack of understanding of the complex chemical reactions and associated equilibria that occur in a working Li–S system. A new approach preparing graphene-based active cathode materials of Li-S battery with spatially confined lithium sulfides is reported. The starting graphene-embedded 2D-MoS2 was synthesized by a solvothermal method in organic solvents followed by the calcination of trapped organic solvent molecules at 800 °C to give graphene single sheets inside the 2D-MoS2 layers with 7 A distance (MoS2-Gr-32.51). Then, it was electrochemically reduced/lithiated at potential 0.01 V vs Li+/Li generating metallic molybdenum and lithium sulfides. As a result, the structure of MoS2 multi-layers collapsed. The graphene multi-layer (ML-Graphene) was left behind and shut the lithium sulfides between the layers. The sizes of Li2Sn (n = 4–6) are bigger than the inter-layer distance of ML-Graphene, and the escape of sulfur/sulfides from the cathode into the electrolyte is physically blocked alleviating shuttle effects. The specific capacity of ML-Graphene/lithium sulfides cathode was high of 1209 mAh/gMoS2-Gr at 0.1 C (1 C = 670 mA/g). The ML-Graphene exhibited the remarkable lithium intercalation capability, and the theoretical calculation has been carried out to give 2231.4 mAh/g. Such high capacity was hybridized with the theoretical capacity of sulfur (1675 mAh/g), and the ML-Graphene composite with dichalcogenides (2D-MoS2) became a promising platform for the cathode of Li-S batteries.

中文翻译：

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Li-S 电池的稳定性能：通过还原多层石墨烯嵌入的 2D-MoS2 来设计 Li2S 智能阴极

摘要 锂硫（Li-S）电池具有超高的理论重量能量密度、成本效益和环境友好性，被认为是下一代储能设备的有希望的候选者。然而，锂硫电池的应用仍然具有挑战性。主要是由于缺乏对发生在工作 Li-S 系统中的复杂化学反应和相关平衡的了解。报道了一种制备空间受限的硫化锂的锂硫电池石墨烯基活性正极材料的新方法。起始石墨烯嵌入的 2D-MoS2 是通过有机溶剂中的溶剂热法合成的，然后在 800°C 下煅烧捕获的有机溶剂分子，在 2D-MoS2 层内得到石墨烯单片，距离为 7A（MoS2-Gr- 32.51)。然后，它在相对于 Li+/Li 的电位为 0.01 V 时被电化学还原/锂化，生成金属钼和硫化锂。结果，MoS2 多层结构坍塌。石墨烯多层（ML-Graphene）被留下并关闭层之间的硫化锂。Li2Sn (n = 4–6) 的尺寸大于 ML-Graphene 的层间距离，并且硫/硫化物从阴极逃逸到电解质中被物理阻止，从而减轻了穿梭效应。ML-石墨烯/硫化锂正极的比容量在 0.1 C (1 C = 670 mA/g) 时高达 1209 mAh/gMoS2-Gr。ML-Graphene表现出显着的锂嵌入能力，理论计算为2231.4 mAh/g。如此高的容量与硫的理论容量（1675 mAh/g）相结合，