ABSTRACT Notifications are one of the core functionalities of smartphones. Previous research suggests they can be a major disruption to the professional and private lives of users. This paper presents evidence from a mixed-methods study using first-person wearable video cameras, comprising 200 hours of audio-visual first-person, and self-confrontation interview footage with 1130 unique smartphone interactions (N=37 users), to situate and analyse the disruptiveness of notifications in real-world contexts. We show how smartphone interactions are driven by a complex set of routines and habits users develop over time. We furthermore observe that while the duration of interactions varies, the intervals between interactions remain largely invariant across different activity and location contexts, and for being alone or in the company of others. Importantly, we find that 89% of smartphone interactions are initiated by users, not by notifications. Overall this suggests that the disruptiveness of smartphones is rooted within learned user behaviours, not devices.

中文翻译：

---

为什么智能手机具有颠覆性？现实生活中智能手机使用的实证研究

摘要 通知是智能手机的核心功能之一。先前的研究表明，它们可能对用户的职业和私人生活造成重大干扰。本文提供了来自使用第一人称可穿戴摄像机的混合方法研究的证据，包括 200 小时的第一人称视听视频，以及 1130 次独特的智能手机交互（N = 37 用户）的自我对抗采访镜头，以定位和分析通知在现实世界中的破坏性。我们展示了智能手机的交互是如何由一组复杂的例程和用户随着时间的推移而形成的习惯所驱动的。我们进一步观察到，虽然互动的持续时间有所不同，但互动之间的间隔在不同的活动和位置环境中，以及单独或与他人一起时，在很大程度上保持不变。重要的是，我们发现 89% 的智能手机交互是由用户发起的，而不是通过通知发起的。总的来说，这表明智能手机的破坏性源于学习的用户行为，而不是设备。