Graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) are emerging as bioanalytical sensors, in which their responsive electrical conductance is used to perform quantitative analyses of biologically-relevant molecules such as DNA, proteins, ions and small molecules. This review provides a detailed evaluation of reported approaches in the design, operation and performance assessment of GFET biosensors. We first dissect key design elements of these devices, along with most common approaches for their fabrication. We compare possible modes of operation of GFETs as sensors, including transfer curves, output curves and time series as well as their integration in real-time or a posteriori protocols. Finally, we review performance metrics reported for the detection and quantification of bioanalytes, and discuss limitations and best practices to optimize the use of GFETs as bioanalytical sensors.

中文翻译：

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石墨烯场效应晶体管作为生物分析传感器：设计，操作和性能

石墨烯场效应晶体管（GFET）逐渐成为生物分析传感器，其中其响应电导率用于对生物相关分子（例如DNA，蛋白质，离子和小分子）进行定量分析。这篇综述提供了对GFET生物传感器的设计，操作和性能评估中所报告方法的详细评估。我们首先剖析这些设备的关键设计元素，以及最常见的制造方法。我们比较了GFET作为传感器的可能工作模式，包括传输曲线，输出曲线和时间序列，以及它们在实时或后验中的集成协议。最后，我们回顾了为检测和定量生物分析物而报告的性能指标，并讨论了限制和最佳实践，以优化GFET作为生物分析传感器的使用。