Present-day ocean color satellite sensors, which principally provide reliable data on chlorophyll, sediments, and colored dissolved organic material in the open ocean, are not well suited for coastal and inland water studies for a variety of reasons, including coarse spatial and spectral resolution plus challenges with atmospheric correction. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) airborne mission concepts tested in 2011, 2013, 2017, and 2018 over Monterey Bay, CA, and nearby inland waters have demonstrated the feasibility of improving airborne monitoring and research activities in case-1 and case-2 aquatic ecosystems through the combined use of state-of-the-art above- and in-water measurement capabilities. These competencies have evolved through time to produce a sensor-web approach: imaging spectrometer, microradiometers, and a sun photometer (airborne) with their analogous algorithms, and with corresponding in-water radiometers and ground-based sun photometry. The NASA airborne instrument suite and mission concept demonstrations, leveraging high-quality above- and in-water data, significantly improves the fidelity as well as the spatial and spectral resolution of observations for studying and monitoring water quality in oceanic, coastal, and inland water ecosystems. The goal of this series of projects was to develop and fly a portable airborne sensor suite for NASA science missions focusing on a gradient of water types from oligotrophic to turbid waters addressing the challenges of an optically complex coastal ocean zone and inland waters. The airborne radiometry in this range of aquatic conditions and sites has supported improved results of studies of water quality and biogeochemistry and provides capabilities for research areas such as ocean productivity and biogeochemistry; aquatic impacts of coastal landscape alteration; coastal, estuarine, and inland waters ecosystem productivity; atmospheric correction; and regional climate variability.

中文翻译：

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用于海洋、沿海和内陆水域校准、验证和研究的机载辐射测量

当今的海洋彩色卫星传感器主要提供有关公海中叶绿素、沉积物和有色溶解有机物质的可靠数据，但由于多种原因，包括粗糙的空间和光谱分辨率，不太适合沿海和内陆水域研究加上大气校正的挑战。美国国家航空航天局 (NASA) 于 2011 年、2013 年、2017 年和 2018 年在加利福尼亚州蒙特雷湾和附近内陆水域测试的机载任务概念证明了在案例 1 和案例 2 中改进机载监测和研究活动的可行性通过结合使用最先进的水上和水中测量能力来测量水生生态系统。这些能力随着时间的推移不断发展，以产生传感器网络方法：成像光谱仪、微辐射计、以及带有类似算法的太阳光度计（机载），以及相应的水中辐射计和地面太阳光度计。NASA 机载仪器套件和任务概念演示利用高质量的水上和水中数据，显着提高了观测的保真度以及空间和光谱分辨率，用于研究和监测海洋、沿海和内陆水域的水质生态系统。这一系列项目的目标是为 NASA 科学任务开发和飞行便携式机载传感器套件，重点是从贫营养到浑浊水域的水类型梯度，以应对光学复杂的沿海海洋区和内陆水域的挑战。在这一系列水生条件和地点的空中辐射测量支持了水质和生物地球化学研究成果的改进，并为海洋生产力和生物地球化学等研究领域提供了能力；沿海景观改变的水生影响；沿海、河口和内陆水域生态系统生产力；大气校正；和区域气候变化。