Utilization of CO₂ as feedstock to produce fine chemicals and renewable fuels is a highly promising field, which presents unique challenges in its implementation at scale. Heterogeneous catalysis with its simple operation and industrial compatibility can be an effective means of achieving this challenging task. This review summarizes the current developments in heterogeneous thermal catalysis for the production of carbon monoxide, alcohols, and hydrocarbons from CO₂. A detailed discussion is provided regarding structure–activity correlations between the catalyst surface and intermediate species which can aid in the rational design of future generation catalysts. Effects of active metal components, catalyst supports, and promoters are discussed in each section, which will guide researchers to synthesize new catalysts with improved selectivity and stability. Additionally, a brief overview regarding process design considerations has been provided. Future research directions are proposed with special emphasis on the application scope of new catalytic materials and possible approaches to increase catalyst performance.

中文翻译：

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CO ₂利用非均相催化剂和热催化工艺的研究进展

利用CO ₂作为原料生产精细化学品和可再生燃料是一个非常有前途的领域，这在大规模实施中提出了独特的挑战。简单操作和工业相容性的多相催化可以成为完成这一艰巨任务的有效手段。这篇综述总结了多相热催化从CO ₂生产一氧化碳，醇和碳氢化合物的最新进展。提供了有关催化剂表面和中间物种之间的结构活性相关性的详细讨论，这可以有助于合理设计下一代催化剂。每一部分都讨论了活性金属组分，催化剂载体和助催化剂的作用，这将指导研究人员合成具有改进的选择性和稳定性的新型催化剂。此外，还提供了有关过程设计注意事项的简要概述。提出了未来的研究方向，特别着眼于新型催化材料的应用范围和提高催化剂性能的可能途径。