Better balancing agricultural production and biodiversity conservation is a central goal for many landscapes. Yet, empirical work on how to best achieve such a balance has focused mainly on the local scale, thereby disregarding that landscape context might mediate biodiversity-agriculture trade-offs. Focusing on vertebrates in the Argentine Chaco, we evaluate how trade-offs between agriculture and biodiversity vary with landscape context, from landscapes where agricultural and natural areas are separated to landscapes where both are interspersed. We modelled the distributions of 226 vertebrates and use the resulting maps to describe the species richness of ecosystem-service providing guilds. We calculated three agricultural intensity metrics, and evaluated how both species richness and agricultural intensity vary along a gradient of landscape configuration, while controlling for landscape composition. Species richness and agricultural yields both varied with landscape configuration. Biodiversity was highest in mixed landscapes where agricultural and natural area are interspersed, whereas agricultural yields showed a more heterogeneous response, with some yield metrics highest in mixed and others in separated landscapes. As a result, agriculture/biodiversity trade-offs depended strongly on landscape configuration, irrespective of landscape composition. We also identified large areas with low vertebrate richness and agricultural yields, suggesting considerable potential for improving in at least one dimension. Agriculture/biodiversity trade-offs varied with landscape configuration, suggesting that landscape design can balance these trade-offs. Our simple and broadly applicable approach can provide baseline information for landscape planning aimed at realizing co-benefits between agriculture and biodiversity—in the Gran Chaco and elsewhere.

中文翻译：

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阿根廷查科与景观背景相关的农业生物多样性权衡变化

更好地平衡农业生产和生物多样性保护是许多景观的中心目标。然而，关于如何最好地实现这种平衡的实证工作主要集中在地方尺度上，从而忽视了景观背景可能会调节生物多样性-农业的权衡。专注于阿根廷查科的脊椎动物，我们评估了农业和生物多样性之间的权衡如何随景观背景而变化，从农业和自然区域分开的景观到两者都散布的景观。我们对 226 种脊椎动物的分布进行了建模，并使用生成的地图来描述提供生态系统服务的行会的物种丰富度。我们计算了三个农业强度指标，并评估了物种丰富度和农业强度如何沿景观配置梯度变化，同时控制景观组成。物种丰富度和农业产量都因景观配置而异。生物多样性在农业和自然区域散布的混合景观中最高，而农业产量表现出更加异质的反应，一些产量指标在混合景观中最高，而另一些则在分离景观中。因此，无论景观构成如何，农业/生物多样性的权衡很大程度上取决于景观配置。我们还确定了脊椎动物丰富度和农业产量低的大片区域，这表明至少在一个方面有很大的改进潜力。农业/生物多样性权衡因景观配置而异，表明景观设计可以平衡这些权衡。我们简单而广泛适用的方法可以为旨在实现农业和生物多样性之间的共同利益的景观规划提供基线信息——在格兰查科和其他地方。