Purpose

The purpose of this study is to study the major sources, concentrations, and distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in three different types of green space in Shanghai. In addition, we will quantitatively assess the burden of PAHs in the soil, as well as the potential carcinogenic risk of PAHs in humans. These results will provide valuable information for soil remediation and human health risk management.

Materials and methods

A total of 166 surface soil samples were collected in parks, greenbelts, and woodlands. Soils were extracted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). PAHs were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to identify major PAH emission sources and quantitatively assess their contributions to PAHs. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was used to quantify the potential health risk of PAHs.

Results and discussion

The average concentrations of ∑15 PAHs are 227 ± 95 ng g⁻¹, 1632 ± 251 ng g⁻¹, and 1888 ± 552 ng g⁻¹ in the woodland, park, and greenbelt soils, respectively. The PMF results show that biomass (33%), coal (21%), vehicles (17%), natural gas (14%), oil (9%), and coke (7%) are the dominant sources of PAHs in the park soils. Diesel (40%), tire debris (30%), biomass (15%), gasoline (9%), and oil (5%) are the main sources in the greenbelt soils. Biomass (48%), vehicles (37%), and coal (15%) are the main sources in the woodland soils. The ILCRs of adults and children who are exposed to PAHs in soils range from 9.53 × 10⁻⁸~1.42 × 10⁻⁵.

Conclusion

In three types of green space in Shanghai, the dominant PAHs are high–molecular weight (HMW) compounds (≥ 4 rings). This may be due to the proximity of the sampling site to emission sources. In addition, low–molecular weight (LMW) PAHs (with 2–3 rings) are relatively unstable, and these compounds are prone to volatilization and degradation. Source identification indicates that biomass combustion is the most dominant PAH source in the park and woodland soils, while vehicles are the dominant PAH source in the greenbelt soils. The ILCRs of adults and children indicate potential health risks, and children have a greater health risk than adults.

中文翻译：

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上海绿色空间土壤中的多环芳烃：来源，分布和风险评估

目的

本研究的目的是研究上海三种不同类型的绿地中多环芳烃的主要来源，浓度和分布。此外，我们将定量评估土壤中PAHs的负担以及人类PAHs的潜在致癌风险。这些结果将为土壤修复和人类健康风险管理提供有价值的信息。

材料和方法

在公园，绿化带和林地中总共收集了166个表面土壤样品。使用加速溶剂萃取（ASE）萃取土壤。通过气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）分析PAH。正矩阵分解（PMF）模型用于识别主要的PAH排放源并定量评估其对PAH的贡献。使用终生增加的癌症风险（ILCR）来量化PAHs的潜在健康风险。

结果和讨论

的Σ15多环芳烃的平均浓度是227±95纳克克^-1，1632±251纳克克^-1和1888±552纳克克^-1在林地，公园，和绿地土壤，分别。PMF结果显示，生物质（33％），煤炭（21％），车辆（17％），天然气（14％），石油（9％）和焦炭（7％）是该地区PAHs的主要来源。公园的土壤。柴油（40％），轮胎残渣（30％），生物质（15％），汽油（9％）和石油（5％）是绿化带土壤的主要来源。生物质（48％），车辆（37％）和煤炭（15％）是林地土壤的主要来源。谁接触到多环芳烃在土壤中的成人和儿童的ILCRs范围从9.53×10 ^-8〜1.42×10 ^-5。

结论

在上海的三种绿地中，主要的PAH是高分子量（HMW）化合物（≥4个环）。这可能是由于采样地点靠近排放源。此外，低分子量（LMW）PAH（带有2-3个环）相对不稳定，这些化合物易于挥发和降解。来源识别表明，生物质燃烧是公园和林地土壤中最主要的PAH来源，而车辆是绿地土壤中最主要的PAH来源。成人和儿童的ILCR表明存在潜在的健康风险，儿童的健康风险比成人高。