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Characterizing the Particle Composition and Cloud Condensation Nuclei from Shipping Emission in Western Europe
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 11.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-18 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04039
Chenjie Yu 1 , Dominika Pasternak 2 , James Lee 2, 3 , Mingxi Yang 4 , Thomas Bell 4 , Keith Bower 1 , Huihui Wu 1 , Dantong Liu 5 , Chris Reed 6 , Stéphane Bauguitte 6 , Sam Cliff 6 , Jamie Trembath 6 , Hugh Coe 1 , James D. Allan 1, 7
Affiliation  

Commercial shipping is considered as an important source of air pollution and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). To assess the climatic and environmental impacts of shipping, detailed characterization of ship plumes near the point of emission and understanding of ship plume evolution further downwind are essential. This airborne measurement study presents the online characterization of particulate phase ship emissions in the region of Western Europe in 2019 prior to new international sulfur emission controls becoming enacted. More than 30 ships from both the sulfur emission control area (SECA) in the English Channel and the open sea (OS) are measured and compared. Ships within the SECA emitted much less sulfate (SO4) compared with those at OS. When shifted to a lower apparent fuel sulfur content (FSC) at similar engine loads, the peak of the fresh ship emitting the particle number size distribution shifted from around 60–80 nm in diameter to below 40 nm in diameter. The emission factors (EFs) of sulfate are predicted to decrease by around 94% after the 2020 regulation on ship sulfur emission in the open ocean. The EFs of refractory black carbon (rBC) and organic compounds (Org) do not appear to be directly affected by the lower sulfur contents. The total number concentration for condensation nuclei (CN) >2.5 nm and >0.1 μm are predicated to be reduced by 69 and 56%, respectively. Measured plume evolution results indicate that the S(IV) to S(VI) conversion rate was around 23.4% per hour at the beginning of plume evolution, and the CCN and CN >2.5 nm ratio increased with plume age primarily due to condensation and coagulation. We estimate that the new sulfur emission regulation will lead to a reduction of more than 80% in CCN from fresh ship emissions. The ship-emitted EFs results presented here will also inform emission inventories, policymaking, climate, and human health studies.

中文翻译:

从西欧航运排放中表征颗粒组成和云凝结核

商业运输被认为是空气污染和云凝结核(CCN)的重要来源。为了评估运输对气候和环境的影响,对排放点附近的船羽进行详细表征,并进一步了解顺风对船羽的演变至关重要。这项机载测量研究显示了在新的国际硫磺排放控制措施颁布之前,2019年西欧地区船上颗粒相船舶排放的在线特征。测量并比较了来自英吉利海峡硫排放控制区(SECA)和公海(OS)的30多艘船。SECA内的船舶排放的硫酸盐少得多(SO 4)与OS中的相比。当在相似的发动机负载下转换为较低的表观燃料硫含量(FSC)时,发出粒度分布的新鲜船舶的峰值从直径60-80 nm转变为直径40 nm以下。在2020年关于公海中船舶硫排放的法规颁布后,硫酸盐的排放因子(EFs)预计将减少约94%。难熔黑碳(rBC)和有机化合物(Org)的EF似乎不受较低硫含量的直接影响。缩合核(CN)的总数浓度> 2.5 nm和> 0.1μm预计分别降低69%和56%。测得的羽流演化结果表明,在羽流演化开始时,S(IV)至S(VI)的转化率约为每小时23.4%,并且CCN和CN> 2。5 nm比率随着羽龄的增加而增加,这主要是由于凝结和凝结。我们估计,新的硫排放法规将使新鲜船舶排放的CCN减少80%以上。此处介绍的船用EFs结果还将为排放清单,政策制定,气候和人类健康研究提供信息。
更新日期:2020-12-15
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