FPGA accelerators are gaining increasing attention in both cloud and edge computing because of their hardware flexibility, high computational throughput, and low power consumption. However, the design flow of FPGAs often requires specific knowledge of the underlying hardware, which hinders the wide adoption of FPGAs by application developers. Therefore, the virtualization of FPGAs becomes extremely important to create a useful abstraction of the hardware suitable for application developers. Such abstraction also enables the sharing of FPGA resources among multiple users and accelerator applications, which is important because, traditionally, FPGAs have been mostly used in single-user, single-embedded-application scenarios. There are many works in the field of FPGA virtualization covering different aspects and targeting different application areas. In this survey, we review the system architectures used in the literature for FPGA virtualization. In addition, we identify the primary objectives of FPGA virtualization, based on which we summarize the techniques for realizing FPGA virtualization. This survey helps researchers to efficiently learn about FPGA virtualization research by providing a comprehensive review of the existing literature.

中文翻译：

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FPGA 虚拟化系统架构与技术综述

FPGA 加速器因其硬件灵活性、高计算吞吐量和低功耗而在云计算和边缘计算中越来越受到关注。然而，FPGA 的设计流程往往需要对底层硬件有特定的了解，这阻碍了应用程序开发人员对 FPGA 的广泛采用。因此，FPGA 的虚拟化对于创建适合应用程序开发人员的有用硬件抽象变得极其重要。这种抽象还可以在多个用户和加速器应用之间共享 FPGA 资源，这一点很重要，因为传统上，FPGA 主要用于单用户、单嵌入式应用场景。FPGA 虚拟化领域有很多工作，涵盖不同方面，针对不同的应用领域。在本次调查中，我们回顾了 FPGA 虚拟化文献中使用的系统架构。此外，我们确定了FPGA虚拟化的主要目标，并在此基础上总结了实现FPGA虚拟化的技术。该调查通过对现有文献的全面回顾，帮助研究人员有效地了解 FPGA 虚拟化研究。