Young children, students, and adults may have alternative ideas about the motion of the Sun and stars as we observe them in the sky. However, a good understanding of this apparent motion is essential as a starting point to study more advanced astronomical concepts, especially when these include astronomical observations. In this paper, we describe the development and validation of the apparent motion of Sun and stars (AMoSS) test, which can measure to what extent students have insight into the apparent motion of the Sun and stars. We propose a framework that allows one to compare students’ understanding of the specific aspects of these apparent motions in relation to the time of the day, time of the year, and the observer’s latitude. For each of these aspects, we designed test items for both the Sun and the symmetric apparent motion aspect of the stars. The reliability and validity of the test are established by analyzing answers of both secondary school and university students and by presenting the questions to a panel of experts. We report on the design and validation process and present the final version of the test.

中文翻译：

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设计和验证一种仪器，以测试学生对太阳和星星的视在运动的理解

当我们在天空中观察时，幼儿，学生和成人可能对太阳和星星的运动有其他想法。但是，对这种表观运动的良好理解对于研究更高级的天文学概念（特别是当这些研究包括天文观测时）至关重要。在本文中，我们描述了太阳和星星的视在运动（AMoSS）测试的发展和验证，该测试可以衡量学生对太阳和星星的视在运动的了解程度。我们提出了一种框架，该框架允许人们比较学生对这些明显运动的特定方面的了解，与一天中的时间，一年中的时间和观察者的纬度有关。对于每个方面，我们针对太阳和恒星的对称视在运动方面设计了测试项目。通过分析中学生和大学生的答案并将问题提交专家小组，可以确定测试的可靠性和有效性。我们报告设计和验证过程，并介绍测试的最终版本。