ABSTRACT: The global proliferation of marine artificial habitats is rapidly altering the physical structure of coastlines, with knock-on effects on physical, chemical, and ecological processes at seascape scales. Ecological consequences of maritime sprawl associated with aquaculture are poorly understood, despite the fact that these suspended structures are particularly prone to biofouling, which can affect the industry and seascape around it. We characterised seascape-scale spatial and temporal distribution patterns of 10 biofouling taxa in relation to the presence and distance to Perna canaliculus mussel farms in New Zealand’s largest aquaculture region. Seven of 10 taxa had significantly higher cover on farms than in natural habitats throughout the region. The cover of 4 of those 7 taxa, including the high-profile pests Mytilus galloprovincialis and Undaria pinnatifida, exponentially decreased with distance from the nearest farm, while some taxa were absent from natural habitats (e.g. the ascidian Ciona robusta). In contrast, several opportunistic macroalgal species, such as Cladophora ruchingeri and Pylaiella littoralis, had colonised extensive areas of natural habitat. Our results suggest that biofouling is a persistent issue on mussel farms and that farm structures may act as reservoirs or ‘stepping stones’ for the dispersal of potential marine pests. These distributional and dispersal patterns can inform integrated pest management efforts focusing on spatial management strategies, such as ‘firebreaks’ in farm connectivity, avoidance of pest hotspots, and farm fallowing.

中文翻译：

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水产养殖海景中的人工生境和生物污染物种分布

摘要：海洋人工栖息地的全球扩散正在迅速改变海岸线的物理结构，并对海景尺度的物理，化学和生态过程产生连锁反应。尽管这些悬吊结构特别容易发生生物污染，这可能会影响其产业和周围的海洋景观，但人们对与水产养殖相关的海洋蔓延的生态后果知之甚少。我们表征了10种生物污损类群的海景尺度时空分布格局，它们与Perna canaliculus的存在和距离有关新西兰最大的水产养殖区的贻贝养殖场。在整个地区中，十分之七的分类单元对农场的覆盖率明显高于自然栖息地。这7个分类单元中有4个的覆盖率，包括引人注目的害虫Mytilus galloprovincialis和Pindatifida，随着与最近农场的距离呈指数递减，而自然生境中则缺少某些分类单元（例如，海生的Cionarobusta）。相比之下，一些机会性大型藻类物种，例如克劳多弗（Cladophora ruchingeri）和滨海比勒伊霉（Pylaiella littoralis）曾在广阔的自然栖息地定居。我们的结果表明，生物污染在贻贝养殖场中一直是一个长期存在的问题，养殖场结构可能充当了潜在的海洋有害生物扩散的水库或“垫脚石”。这些分布和散布模式可以为病虫害综合治理工作提供信息，重点放在空间管理战略上，例如农场连通性中的“失火”，避免虫害热点和农场休耕。