Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic bone disease with characteristics of bone loss and microstructural degeneration. The personal and societal costs of osteoporosis are increasing year by year as the ageing of population, posing challenges to public health care. Homing disorders, impaired capability of osteogenic differentiation, senescence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), an imbalanced microenvironment, and disordered immunoregulation play important roles during the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. The MSC transplantation promises to increase osteoblast differentiation and block osteoclast activation, and to rebalance bone formation and resorption. Preclinical investigations on MSC transplantation in the osteoporosis treatment provide evidences of enhancing osteogenic differentiation, increasing bone mineral density, and halting the deterioration of osteoporosis. Meanwhile, the latest techniques, such as gene modification, targeted modification and co‐transplantation, are promising approaches to enhance the therapeutic effect and efficacy of MSCs. In addition, clinical trials of MSC therapy to treat osteoporosis are underway, which will fill the gap of clinical data. Although MSCs tend to be effective to treat osteoporosis, the urgent issues of safety, transplant efficiency and standardization of the manufacturing process have to be settled. Moreover, a comprehensive evaluation of clinical trials, including safety and efficacy, is still needed as an important basis for clinical translation.

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间充质干细胞移植治疗骨质疏松症的研究进展

骨质疏松症是一种以骨质流失和微结构退化为特征的全身性代谢性骨病。随着人口老龄化，骨质疏松症给个人和社会带来的损失逐年增加，给公共卫生保健带来挑战。归巢障碍、成骨分化能力受损、间充质干细胞（MSC）衰老、微环境失衡和免疫调节紊乱在骨质疏松的发病过程中发挥着重要作用。间充质干细胞移植有望增加成骨细胞分化并阻止破骨细胞活化，并重新平衡骨形成和骨吸收。间充质干细胞移植治疗骨质疏松症的临床前研究提供了增强成骨分化、增加骨矿物质密度和阻止骨质疏松症恶化的证据。同时，基因修饰、靶向修饰和共移植等最新技术是增强间充质干细胞治疗效果和功效的有前景的方法。此外，MSC疗法治疗骨质疏松症的临床试验正在进行中，这将填补临床数据的空白。尽管间充质干细胞往往能有效治疗骨质疏松症，但安全性、移植效率和制造过程标准化等紧迫问题仍需解决。而且，仍然需要对临床试验进行综合评价，包括安全性和有效性，作为临床转化的重要依据。