Habitat loss, overexploitation, the presence of invasive species, climate change and the proliferation of diseases continue to put at risk anuran species that represent 90% of all amphibians. Biphasic life cycle, habitat specialization to oviposit and forage, low dispersal abilities, and permeable skin make anurans particularly susceptible to the effect of landscape composition and configuration on their capacity to move through the landscape (connectivity). Limited connectivity can result in reduced gene flow, low genetic variation and high genetic structuring. Therefore, identifying landscape elements that promote or limit the dispersal of anurans is fundamental to propose conservation plans that allow maintaining areas that enhance connectivity to assure the evolutionary potential of the species by preserving genetic diversity. Here, we reviewed studies evaluating the effect of natural and anthropogenic elements of the landscape on gene flow across temperate, tropical and subtropical landscapes. Our results suggest that roads have the strongest negative effect on connectivity resistance in anurans from temperate regions. Urbanization, fragmentation, and land cover change into agriculture and grasslands are other anthropogenic landscape elements that provide resistance to connectivity in anurans worldwide. In temperate and tropical regions, rivers are the most important natural element negatively affecting connectivity, having a stronger effect in the tropics. Contrary, streams and forests cover promote connectivity in all regions. We provide a review of the growing progress of landscape genetics in this group of vulnerable organisms and highlight the importance of considering this research field for the conservation of the threatened ecosystems that anurans inhabit.

中文翻译：

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自然和人为特征对无脊椎动物功能连通性的影响：温带，亚热带和热带物种的景观遗传学研究述评

生境丧失，过度开发，入侵物种的存在，气候变化和疾病扩散继续使占所有两栖动物90％的无环物种面临风险。双相生命周期，专门生卵和觅食的生境，低扩散能力以及可渗透的皮肤使无尾小龙特别容易受到景观组成和构造对其在景观中移动能力（连接性）的影响。有限的连通性可能导致基因流量减少，低遗传变异和高遗传结构。因此，确定能促进或限制无核生物扩散的景观要素，对于提出保护计划是至关重要的，该计划允许维护可增强连通性的区域，从而通过保存遗传多样性来确保物种的进化潜力。这里，我们回顾了评估自然和人为因素对温带，热带和亚热带景观基因流动的影响的研究。我们的研究结果表明，在温带地区的无尾猴中，道路对连接阻力的负面影响最大。城市化，破碎化和土地覆被转变为农业和草原是其他人为景观要素，它们对全球无脊椎动物的连通性产生了抵抗作用。在温带和热带地区，河流是对连通性产生负面影响的最重要的自然元素，在热带地区的影响更大。相反，溪流和森林覆盖促进了所有地区的连通性。