Abstract Fretting wear tests were performed to examine the evolution of fretting wear damage of the nitrided high-carbon high-chromium X210CrW12 steel against GCr15 steel ball, and to identify the role of nitrides (converted carbides) in fretting wear characteristics. The nitrided layer was characterized by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), electron probe microanalyses (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and microhardness analysis. The worn surfaces were evaluated by SEM, EDS and 3D optical profiler. The results indicated that the initial carbides in the nitrided layer undergone a transformation into nitrides during nitriding. The nitrided specimens showed excellent wear resistance compared to the steel balls, and their wear damage was mainly caused by the adhesive/abrasive action of oxidized particles. Coarse nitrides led to the rapid wear of steel balls, and acted as barriers against the grooving of oxidized particles. Higher loading conditions of 40 N and 80 N induced the generation of central smooth zone and W-shaped wear scar. The formation of the central smooth zone was very beneficial for reducing the wear rate and friction coefficient, thus the expected increase in wear volume with increasing applied load from 40 N to 80 N was not observed.

中文翻译：

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氮化高碳高铬钢粗大滑动微动磨损损伤的演变

摘要 进行微动磨损试验，研究氮化高碳高铬 X210CrW12 钢对 GCr15 钢球微动磨损损伤的演变，并确定氮化物（转化碳化物）在微动磨损特性中的作用。通过光学显微镜 (OM)、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、能量色散光谱 (EDS)、电子探针显微分析 (EPMA)、X 射线衍射 (XRD) 和显微硬度分析对渗氮层进行表征。磨损表面通过 SEM、EDS 和 3D 光学轮廓仪进行评估。结果表明，渗氮层中的初始碳化物在渗氮过程中发生了向氮化物的转变。与钢球相比，氮化试样显示出优异的耐磨性，它们的磨损损伤主要是由氧化颗粒的粘附/磨蚀作用引起的。粗氮化物会导致钢球快速磨损，并充当防止氧化颗粒开槽的屏障。40 N 和 80 N 的较高载荷条件导致中心光滑区和 W 形磨痕的产生。中心光滑区的形成非常有利于降低磨损率和摩擦系数，因此未观察到磨损量随施加载荷从 40 N 增加到 80 N 的预期增加。