Abstract Rare earth elements (REE) are critical resources and of strategic importance as they are used in many applications, including emerging technologies. As a result, the demand for REE has continued to increase, to the extent of exceeding their supply. Because conventional deposits can no longer satisfy REE demand for the foreseeable future, intensive research on their recovery from secondary sources is ongoing. The aim of this review is to integrate the most recent findings on the potential for REE recovery from mining and industrial residues. The state-of-the-art of available knowledge is presented for each of the identified REE secondary sources. Pertinent case-related studies are also discussed with a focus on acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment residues, phosphogypsum (PG), and U mine waste. Although these residues hold promising potential as REE secondary sources, further research is required to make the REE recovery economically viable, environmentally respectful, and socially acceptable.

中文翻译：

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从采矿和工业残留物中回收稀土元素的潜力：回顾和案例研究

摘要 稀土元素 (REE) 是关键资源，具有战略重要性，因为它们被用于许多应用，包括新兴技术。因此，对稀土元素的需求持续增加，甚至超过供应量。由于传统矿床在可预见的未来不再能满足 REE 需求，因此正在进行对从二次资源中回收的深入研究。本综述的目的是整合关于从采矿和工业残留物中回收 REE 的潜力的最新发现。为每个已确定的 REE 二次来源提供了现有知识的最新技术。还讨论了相关的案例相关研究，重点是酸性矿山排水 (AMD) 处理残留物、磷石膏 (PG) 和 U 矿山废物。