Tephritid fruit flies are susceptible to insecticide treatments when leaving infested fruit to pupate in the soil and when emerging as adults. Laboratory experiments involved placing third instar larvae of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens on sand treated with the naturally-derived insecticide spinosad (SpinTor 12SC). Negative correlations were detected between the concentration of spinosad and pupation and adult emergence. Treatment of pupae significantly reduced adult longevity, which could impact pest reproduction as adult flies require approximately two weeks to reach sexual maturity. Brief immersion of naturally infested oranges in 33–66 ppm spinosad solution also significantly reduced adult emergence. Exposure to spinosad-treated sand (33 ppm) did not adversely affect the foraging behavior or mortality of the braconid parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. We conclude that effective control of A. ludens in soil with spinosad is possible but will likely require application of high concentrations of the insecticide, which may not be economically viable under conventional fruit production schemes. In the case of organic orchards surrounded by wild hosts that harbor large fly populations, targeted spinosad soil applications might be desirable as fly numbers could be significantly reduced without harming parasitoids.

中文翻译：

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多杀菌素能否有效地综合管理土壤和落果中的实实实实实蝇，并与寄生蜂类长尾实蝇（Braconidae）相容？

Tephritid 果蝇在将受感染的果实留在土壤中化蛹和成虫时对杀虫剂处理敏感。实验室实验包括将墨西哥实蝇三龄幼虫 Anastrepha ludens 放在用天然杀虫剂多杀菌素 (SpinTor 12SC) 处理过的沙子上。在多杀菌素浓度与化蛹和成虫羽化之间检测到负相关。蛹的处理显着缩短了成虫寿命，这可能会影响害虫繁殖，因为成虫需要大约两周的时间才能达到性成熟。将自然感染的橙子短暂浸泡在 33-66 ppm 的多杀菌素溶液中也显着减少了成虫的出现。暴露于多杀菌素处理的沙子 (33 ppm) 不会对 Braconid 寄生蜂 Diachasmimorpha longicaudata 的觅食行为或死亡率产生不利影响。我们得出结论，用多杀菌素有效控制土壤中的 A. ludens 是可能的，但可能需要使用高浓度的杀虫剂，这在传统的水果生产计划下可能在经济上不可行。在有机果园周围有大量苍蝇种群的野生宿主的情况下，有针对性的多杀菌素土壤应用可能是可取的，因为苍蝇数量可以显着减少而不会伤害寄生蜂。这在传统的水果生产计划下可能在经济上不可行。在有机果园周围有大量苍蝇种群的野生宿主的情况下，有针对性的多杀菌素土壤应用可能是可取的，因为苍蝇数量可以显着减少而不会伤害寄生蜂。这在传统的水果生产计划下可能在经济上不可行。在有机果园周围环绕着大量苍蝇种群的野生宿主的情况下，有针对性的多杀菌素土壤应用可能是可取的，因为苍蝇数量可以显着减少而不会伤害寄生蜂。