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Protein Crystallization in the Presence of a Metastable Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation
Crystal Growth & Design ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-18 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.0c01219
Ralph Maier 1 , Georg Zocher 2 , Andrea Sauter 1 , Stefano Da Vela 1 , Olga Matsarskaia 1 , Ralf Schweins 3 , Michael Sztucki 4 , Fajun Zhang 1 , Thilo Stehle 2, 5 , Frank Schreiber 1
Affiliation  

We study protein crystallization in solutions of human serum albumin (HSA) exhibiting a metastable liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) in the presence of trivalent salts. Specifically, we focus on the effects of dense liquid phases (DLPs) on the crystallization pathways. On the basis of the phase diagram, we choose two conditions around the LLPS binodal: one condition is located close to, but outside the LLPS region, resulting in protein clusters, but no macroscopic LLPS. Yet, a surface-enhanced unstable DLP layer is observed at the surface of the cuvette (wetting). The second condition, inside the LLPS binodal, leads to a macroscopic metastable DLP. The crystallization is followed by optical microscopy and small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS/SANS) as well as by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy to explore the role of LLPS. In no case evidence of nucleation inside the DLP is observed. SAXS and SANS show a monotonous growth of the crystals and a decrease of the overall material in the sample. We thus conclude that the existence of a metastable LLPS is not a sufficient condition for a two-step nucleation process. The DLP serves as a reservoir and crystal growth can be described by the Bergeron process, i.e., crystals grow directly into the dilute phase at the expense of the DLP. Furthermore, the crystallographic analysis of the resulting crystals shows that crystals with different morphology grown under different conditions share a similar crystal structure and that the metal ions create two bridging contacts within the unit cell and stabilize it.

中文翻译:

亚稳态液相分离中的蛋白质结晶

我们研究了人类血清白蛋白(HSA)在三价盐存在下表现出亚稳态液相-液相分离(LLPS)的溶液中的蛋白质结晶。具体来说,我们专注于致密液相(DLP)对结晶途径的影响。根据相图,我们在LLPS二倍体周围选择两个条件:一个条件位于LLPS区域附近但在LLPS区域之外,从而导致蛋白质簇,但没有宏观LLPS。然而,在比色皿的表面观察到了表面增强的不稳定DLP层(润湿)。第二种情况是在LLPS二倍体内部,导致了宏观的亚稳态DLP。结晶之后是光学显微镜,小角X射线和中子散射(SAXS / SANS)以及紫外可见光谱,以探讨LLPS的作用。在任何情况下都没有观察到DLP内部有成核的迹象。SAXS和SANS显示晶体单调生长,样品中的整体材料减少。因此,我们得出结论,亚稳LLPS的存在对于两步成核过程而言并不是充分条件。DLP充当储层,可以用Bergeron方法描述晶体的生长,即晶体直接以DLP的形式生长到稀相中。此外,所得晶体的晶体学分析表明,在不同条件下生长的具有不同形态的晶体具有相似的晶体结构,并且金属离子在晶胞内产生两个桥接触点并使之稳定。SAXS和SANS显示晶体单调生长,样品中的整体材料减少。因此,我们得出结论,亚稳LLPS的存在对于两步成核过程而言并不是充分条件。DLP充当储层,可以用Bergeron方法描述晶体的生长,即晶体直接以DLP的形式生长到稀相中。此外,所得晶体的晶体学分析表明,在不同条件下生长的具有不同形态的晶体具有相似的晶体结构,并且金属离子在晶胞内产生两个桥接触点并使之稳定。SAXS和SANS显示晶体单调生长,样品中的整体材料减少。因此,我们得出结论,亚稳LLPS的存在对于两步成核过程而言并不是充分条件。DLP充当储层,可以用Bergeron方法描述晶体的生长,即晶体直接以DLP的形式生长到稀相中。此外,所得晶体的晶体学分析表明,在不同条件下生长的具有不同形态的晶体具有相似的晶体结构,并且金属离子在晶胞内产生两个桥接触点并使之稳定。DLP充当储层,可以用Bergeron方法描述晶体的生长,即晶体直接以DLP的形式生长到稀相中。此外,所得晶体的晶体学分析表明,在不同条件下生长的具有不同形态的晶体具有相似的晶体结构,并且金属离子在晶胞内产生两个桥接触点并使之稳定。DLP充当储层,可以用Bergeron方法描述晶体的生长,即晶体直接以DLP的形式生长到稀相中。此外,所得晶体的晶体学分析表明,在不同条件下生长的具有不同形态的晶体具有相似的晶体结构,并且金属离子在晶胞内产生两个桥接触点并使之稳定。
更新日期:2020-12-02
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