Modern medicine has long studied the mechanism and impact of pathogenic microbes on human hosts, but has only recently shifted attention toward the complex and vital roles that commensal and probiotic microbes play in both health and dysbiosis. Fueled by an enhanced appreciation of the human–microbe holobiont, the past decade has yielded countless insights and established many new avenues of investigation in this area. In this review, we discuss advances, limitations, and emerging frontiers for microbes as agents of health maintenance, disease prevention, and cure. We highlight the flexibility of microbial therapeutics across disease states, with special consideration for the rational engineering of microbes toward precision medicine outcomes. As the field advances, we anticipate that tools of synthetic biology will be increasingly employed to engineer functional living therapeutics with the potential to address longstanding limitations of traditional drugs.

中文翻译：

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活疗法：精准医学的下一个前沿

现代医学长期以来一直在研究病原微生物对人类宿主的作用机理和影响，但直到最近才将注意力转移到共生和益生菌微生物在健康和营养不良中扮演的复杂而至关重要的角色。在过去的十年中，由于人们对微生物的整体认识不断增强，因此产生了无数的见识，并建立了许多新的研究途径。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了微生物作为健康维持，疾病预防和治疗的推动剂的进展，局限性和新兴领域。我们强调了微生物疗法在各种疾病状态下的灵活性，并特别考虑了微生物对精确医学结果的合理工程。随着领域的发展，