General awareness and overall interest regarding hailstorms and hail properties in Europe have increased significantly in the last several decades and have resulted in numerous local, national, and even Europe‐wide studies on hail and hail properties. To contribute to this field, we determined the hail climatology in the northeastern (NE) Adriatic region and analyzed its spatial and temporal patterns and performed an objectively derived weather type analysis of ERA5 daily mean data and instability indices. We studied the NE Adriatic region due to its focus on agricultural activities and on quality wine production. Our results are based on approximately 60 years of high spatial resolution measurements collected from 27 stations across complex terrain. The results show (i) high levels of spatial variability, (ii) significant annual variations, and (iii) hail throughout the whole year that (iv) intensifies in summer months. Furthermore, redistribution of hail among seasons (in particular, from summer to spring) was detected. Most significant changes were visible in the June–October period, with a negative trend of −0.06 hail days/year, and the period from November to March exhibited a positive trend of 0.13 hail cases/year. We found that deep cyclonic systems in front of and above our domain were most responsible for hail generation, often supported by southwesterly winds. Additionally, the vast majority of observed hail events occurred in unstable and sheared environments.

中文翻译：

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东北亚得里亚海的冰雹气候学

在过去的几十年中，人们对欧洲的冰雹和冰雹特性的普遍认识和整体兴趣显着提高，并且导致了许多关于冰雹和冰雹特性的本地，国家乃至整个欧洲的研究。为了对此领域做出贡献，我们确定了东北亚得里亚海地区的冰雹气候学，并分析了其时空分布，并对ERA5日均数据和不稳定性指标进行了客观的天气类型分析。我们对东北亚得里亚海地区进行了研究，因为该地区专注于农业活动和优质葡萄酒的生产。我们的结果是基于从复杂地形的27个站点收集的大约60年的高空间分辨率测量结果得出的。结果显示（i）高水平的空间变异性；（ii）重大的年度变化；（iii）全年雹灾（iv）夏季加剧。此外，还检测到冰雹在各个季节之间（尤其是从夏季到春季）的重新分布。最显着的变化在6月至10月可见，趋势为负。− 0.06个冰雹日/年，11月至3月这段时间呈积极趋势，每年有0.13个冰雹病例。我们发现，在我们领域之前和之上的深层气旋系统是造成冰雹的最主要因素，通常受西南风的影响。另外，观察到的冰雹事件绝大多数发生在不稳定和剪切的环境中。