PREMISE Climate change is predicted to affect natural and plantation forests. The responses of conifers to overcome changing environments will depend on their adaptation to local conditions; however, intraspecific adaptive genetic variation is unknown for most gymnosperms. Studying genetic diversity associated with phenotypic variability along environmental gradients will enhance our understanding of adaptation and may reveal genetic pools important for conservation and management. METHODS We used target enrichment and genome skimming to obtain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 61 individuals of Pinus patula, a pine tree native to Mexico widely used in plantation forestry. We investigated the adaptive genetic variation of two varieties with morphological and distributional differences potentially related to genetic and adaptive divergence. RESULTS Population structure and haplotype network analyses revealed that genetic diversity between P. patula var. patula and P. patula var. longipedunculata was structured, even within populations of P. patula var. longipedunculata. We observed high genetic diversity, low inbreeding rate, and rapid linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay in the varieties. Based on outlier tests, loci showing signatures of natural selection were detected in geographically distant P. patula var. longipedunculata populations. For both varieties, we found significant correlations between climate-related environmental variation and SNP diversity at loci involved in abiotic stress, cell transport, defense, and cell wall biogenesis, pointing to local adaptation. CONCLUSIONS Overall, significant intraspecific adaptive genetic variation in P. patula was detected, highlighting the presence of different genetic pools and signs of local adaptation that should be considered in forestry and conservation.

中文翻译：

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黄松种群结构、多样化选择和局部适应

前提 预计气候变化将影响天然林和人工林。针叶树克服环境变化的反应将取决于它们对当地条件的适应；然而，大多数裸子植物的种内适应性遗传变异是未知的。研究与沿环境梯度的表型变异相关的遗传多样性将增强我们对适应的理解，并可能揭示对保护和管理很重要的遗传库。方法我们使用目标富集和基因组撇取从 61 个人的 patula 松树中获得单核苷酸多态性 (SNP)，Pinus patula 是一种原产于墨西哥的松树，广泛用于人工林。我们研究了两个品种的适应性遗传变异，其形态和分布差异可能与遗传和适应性差异有关。结果 种群结构和单倍型网络分析揭示了 P. patula var. 之间的遗传多样性。patula 和 P. patula var. longipedunculata 是结构化的，即使在 P. patula var. 的种群中也是如此。长鞭草。我们观察到这些品种的遗传多样性高、近交率低、连锁不平衡（LD）衰减快。基于异常值测试，在地理上遥远的 P. patula var. 中检测到了显示自然选择特征的基因座。longipedunculata 种群。对于这两个品种，我们发现气候相关的环境变化与非生物胁迫、细胞运输、防御、和细胞壁生物发生，指向局部适应。结论 总体而言，在 P. patula 中检测到显着的种内适应性遗传变异，突出了林业和保护中应考虑的不同遗传库和局部适应迹象的存在。