Abstract The objectives of this study were to investigate the behaviour of hutch-housed dairy calves, develop an ethogram of general behaviour, and determine whether housing calves in different hutches, day, gender and time of day influenced the behaviour of dairy calves using the developed ethogram. Thirty-one apparently healthy Holstein Friesian calves (6 ± 1 week old) were recruited for this study. The ethogram was developed by directly observing the behaviour of ten female dairy calves housed in two group hutches for five days. Based on these observations, behaviour was then organized into three categories. The first category (I) comprised of postures, attentiveness and social interactive behaviour; the second category (II) comprised of event behaviour which were recorded each time they occurred while the last category (III) comprised of movement and activity behaviour whose duration were recorded. The ethogram was used to record the behaviour of 16 calves (4 males; 12 females) housed in groups of four using direct and video observations for two consecutive days to ascertain if there are behavioural differences between dairy calves housed in different hutches; between days and gender. Additionally, the ethogram was used to record the behaviour of an additional five dairy calves housed in a group hutch to determine the time of day effect. The behaviour of these five dairy calves were recorded hourly between the hours of 10:00 and 17:00 for two days using a combination of direct and video observations. Data were expressed as median frequency, duration or mean rank and significance was accepted at P ≤ 0.05. There were no significant differences in the behaviour of dairy calves housed in different hutches. Significant variations (P

中文翻译：

---

建立笼舍奶牛的行为图并确定影响其行为的因素

摘要 本研究的目的是调查笼舍奶牛的行为，制定一般行为的行为图，并确定不同笼舍、日期、性别和一天中不同时间的舍牛是否影响奶牛犊的行为。伦理图。本研究招募了 31 头明显健康的荷斯坦弗里斯兰小牛（6 ± 1 周大）。该 ethogram 是通过直接观察 10 头雌性奶牛犊饲养在两组猪舍中五天的行为而开发的。根据这些观察，行为被分为三类。第一类（I）包括姿势、注意力和社交互动行为；第二类（II）包括每次发生时记录的事件行为，而最后一类（III）包括记录持续时间的运动和活动行为。Ethogram 用于记录 16 头小牛（4 头雄性；12 头雌性）的行为，连续两天使用直接和视频观察来确定饲养在不同猪舍中的奶牛之间是否存在行为差异；天和性别之间。此外，该伦理图还用于记录另外 5 头奶牛饲养在一个集体饲养箱中的行为，以确定一天中的时间效应。使用直接观察和视频观察相结合的方式，在两天的 10:00 和 17:00 之间每小时记录这五头奶牛的行为。数据表示为中值频率，持续时间或平均等级和显着性在 P ≤ 0.05 时被接受。饲养在不同笼舍中的奶牛犊的行为没有显着差异。显着变化（P