Solar-driven interfacial evaporation has attracted growing attention as an emerging and sustainable technology for wastewater purification and desalination. Tremendous research efforts have been dedicated to developing interfacial steam generators that can operate under realistic weather conditions such as changing solar intensity, water salinity, air flow and humidity, yet the effects of water waves have been largely neglected. Herein, we develop the first ever tumbler-shaped steam generator to improve the floating stability of interfacial steam generators. Apart from the good water evaporation rate of ∼1.3 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ under one sun in both freshwater and seawater, the tumbler-shaped monolithic steam generator demonstrates outstanding wave-piercing, anti-overturning and self-righting behavior with good structural durability in typical waves of open water. Gratifyingly, further integration of the tumbler-shaped steam generator with a triboelectric nanogenerator enables detection of several water wave parameters (frequency, height, velocity and wavelength) in real-time with high sensitivity. This work provides design protocols not only for developing stable interfacial steam generators for solar-driven water purification and desalination, but also for scaling-up clean water production in open water and engineering self-powered water wave detection, forecast, and blue energy harvest systems.

中文翻译：

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用于太阳能驱动的界面蒸发和自供电水波检测的自动扶正蒸汽发生器的设计

太阳能驱动的界面蒸发作为一种用于废水净化和脱盐的新兴且可持续的技术已引起越来越多的关注。大量的研究工作致力于开发可以在现实的天气条件下运行的界面蒸汽发生器，例如在改变太阳强度，水盐度，气流和湿度的情况下，但是水波的影响却被大大忽略了。在此，我们开发了第一台滚筒式蒸汽发生器，以提高界面蒸汽发生器的漂浮稳定性。除了约1.3 kg m ^-2 h ^-1的良好水蒸发速率淡水和海水在阳光直射下，不倒翁形状的整体式蒸汽发生器在典型的开阔水域中表现出出色的冲孔，防倾覆和自矫正性能，并具有良好的结构耐久性。令人高兴的是，滚筒式蒸汽发生器与摩擦电纳米发生器的进一步集成使得能够以高灵敏度实时检测几个水波参数（频率，高度，速度和波长）。这项工作不仅为开发用于太阳能驱动的水净化和淡化的稳定界面蒸汽发生器提供了设计协议，而且还为扩大开放水域中的清洁水生产规模以及工程自供电的水波检测，预报和蓝色能量收集系统提供了设计协议。 。