Cancer immunotherapy, which provides durable clinical responses by restoring or boosting the patient's immune system to fight cancer, has become a promising strategy for cancer treatment. However, modest response rates and on-target off-tumor toxicity largely limit extensive implementation of this approach in clinical settings. Advances in drug delivery and combination with other cancer treatments are able to effectively promote the potency of cancer immunotherapy. Engineered natural particulates, such as cells and their derivatives, have been recently developed as prospective drug delivery systems that comprehensively combine genetic engineering, synthetic materials, and nanotechnology to enhance anticancer efficacy. Here, recent advances in improving cancer immunotherapy have been summarized with a focus on using functionalized intact cells and cell derivatives including cell membranes and extracellular vesicles as drug vehicles. The advantages and challenges of these unique systems have been further elucidated in terms of clinical translation. The results presented in this review would contribute to the development of advanced therapies for treating cancers.

中文翻译：

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工程化的载药细胞和细胞衍生物可作为癌症免疫疗法的递送平台

癌症免疫疗法通过恢复或增强患者的免疫系统抵抗癌症而提供持久的临床反应，已成为一种有前途的癌症治疗策略。然而，适度的应答率和靶向肿瘤外的毒性大大限制了这种方法在临床环境中的广泛实施。药物递送的进步以及与其他癌症治疗方法的结合能够有效地提高癌症免疫疗法的效力。工程化的天然微粒，例如细胞及其衍生物，最近已被开发为一种预期的药物输送系统，该系统将基因工程，合成材料和纳米技术全面结合在一起，以增强抗癌功​​效。这里，总结了改善癌症免疫疗法的最新进展，重点是使用功能化的完整细胞和包括细胞膜和细胞外囊泡在内的细胞衍生物作为药物载体。这些独特系统的优势和挑战已在临床翻译方面得到了进一步阐明。这篇综述中提出的结果将有助于开发用于治疗癌症的先进疗法。