A massive challenge in ecotoxicology is assessing how the interaction of contaminants, climate change, and biotic stressors shapes the structure and functions of natural populations. Furthermore, it is not known whether contemporary evolutionary responses to multiple stressors across multigenerations may alter the interaction of these stressors. To address these issues, we exposed Moina dubia to lead (Pb, 50 μg/L) under two temperatures (25 and 28 °C) with/without predator cues from climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) for 11 generations (F1–F11). We assessed changes in M. dubia fitness, including development time, adult size, lifespan, fecundity, and neonate production. We found strong negative effects of Pb, elevated temperature, and predator cues on the fitness of M. dubia. Strikingly, Pb-induced reduction in the performance of M. dubia was stronger at 25 °C and in the absence of predator cues. The individual and interactive effects of Pb, temperature, and predator cues on M. dubia were stronger across F1–F9 and generally leveled off in F10–F11. Our results highlight the high vulnerability of M. dubia to multiple stressors, thus weakening top-down control on algal blooms in eutrophic lakes. Our study underscores the importance of integrating evolutionary responses in realistic ecotoxicological risk assessments of contaminants interacting with climatic and biotic stressors.

中文翻译：

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11代人对热带枝角类鱼类的个体和污染物，变暖和捕食者综合影响的幅度变化

生态毒理学的一个巨大挑战是评估污染物，气候变化和生物应激因素之间的相互作用如何影响自然种群的结构和功能。此外，尚不清楚当代对多代多重应激源的进化反应是否会改变这些应激源的相互作用。为了解决这些问题，我们在两个温度下（25和28°C）下，将Moina dubia暴露于铅（Pb，50μg/ L）下，有/没有来自攀爬鲈（Anabs testudineus）的食肉动物线索持续11代（F1-F11）。我们评估了M. dubia的变化适应度，包括发育时间，成年大小，寿命，生殖力和新生儿生产。我们发现Pb，高温和捕食者线索对M. dubia的适应性具有强烈的负面影响。令人惊讶的是，在25°C且没有捕食者提示的情况下，铅引起的杜拜M. dubia性能的降低更明显。在F1-F9上，铅，温度和捕食者线索对杜鹃分枝杆菌的个体和互动影响更强，在F10-F11中通常趋于平稳。我们的结果凸显了M. dubia的高度脆弱性到多个压力源，从而削弱了对富营养化湖泊中藻华的自顶向下控制。我们的研究强调了在与气候和生物应激源相互作用的污染物的现实生态毒理学风险评估中整合进化反应的重要性。