Understanding the earliest immune responses following HIV infection is critical to inform future vaccines and therapeutics. Here, we review recent prospective human studies in at-risk populations that have provided insight into immune responses during acute infection, including additional relevant data from non-human primate (NHP) studies. We discuss the timing, nature, and function of the diverse immune responses induced, the onset of immune dysfunction, and the effects of early anti-retroviral therapy administration. Treatment at onset of viremia mitigates peripheral T and B cell dysfunction, limits seroconversion, and enhances cellular antiviral immunity despite persistence of infection in lymphoid tissues. We highlight pertinent areas for future investigation, and how application of high-throughput technologies, alongside targeted NHP studies, may elucidate immune response features to target in novel preventions and cures.

了解 HIV 感染后最早的免疫反应对于为未来的疫苗和治疗提供信息至关重要。在这里，我们回顾了最近在高危人群中进行的前瞻性人类研究，这些研究提供了对急性感染期间免疫反应的深入了解，包括来自非人类灵长类动物 (NHP) 研究的其他相关数据。我们讨论了诱导的各种免疫反应的时间、性质和功能、免疫功能障碍的发作以及早期抗逆转录病毒治疗的影响。病毒血症发作时的治疗可减轻外周 T 和 B 细胞功能障碍，限制血清转化，并增强细胞抗病毒免疫，尽管淋巴组织感染持续存在。我们强调了未来研究的相关领域，以及高通量技术的应用，以及有针对性的 NHP 研究，