This review paper summarizes the scientific advancements in the field of concussion biomechanics in American football throughout the past five decades. The focus is on-field biomechanical data collection, and the translation of that data to injury metrics and helmet evaluation. On-field data has been collected with video analysis for laboratory reconstructions or wearable head impact sensors. Concussion biomechanics have been studied across all levels of play, from youth to professional, which has allowed for comparison of head impact exposure and injury tolerance between different age groups. In general, head impact exposure and injury tolerance increase with increasing age. Average values for concussive head impact kinematics are lower for youth players in both linear and rotational acceleration. Head impact data from concussive and non-concussive events have been used to develop injury metrics and risk functions for use in protective equipment evaluation. These risk functions have been used to evaluate helmet performance for each level of play, showing substantial differences in the ability of different helmet models to reduce concussion risk. New advances in head impact sensor technology allow for biomechanical measurements in helmeted and non-helmeted sports for a more complete understanding of concussion tolerance in different demographics. These sensors along with advances in finite element modeling will lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of injury and human tolerance to head impact.

这篇综述论文总结了过去五年美式足球脑震荡生物力学领域的科学进步。重点是现场生物力学数据收集，并将该数据转化为伤害指标和头盔评估。现场数据已通过视频分析收集，用于实验室重建或可穿戴头部撞击传感器。脑震荡生物力学已经在从青年到专业的所有级别的比赛中进行了研究，这使得可以比较不同年龄组之间的头部撞击暴露和伤害耐受性。一般来说，头部撞击暴露和损伤耐受性随着年龄的增加而增加。青年球员的线性和旋转加速度的震荡头部撞击运动学平均值较低。来自震荡和非震荡事件的头部撞击数据已被用于开发用于防护设备评估的伤害指标和风险函数。这些风险函数已被用于评估每个级别比赛的头盔性能，显示不同头盔模型降低脑震荡风险的能力存在显着差异。头部撞击传感器技术的新进展允许在头盔和非头盔运动中进行生物力学测量，以便更全面地了解不同人群的脑震荡耐受性。这些传感器以及有限元建模的进步将有助于更好地了解伤害机制和人类对头部撞击的耐受性。这些风险函数已被用于评估每个级别比赛的头盔性能，显示不同头盔模型降低脑震荡风险的能力存在显着差异。头部撞击传感器技术的新进展允许在头盔和非头盔运动中进行生物力学测量，以便更全面地了解不同人群的脑震荡耐受性。这些传感器以及有限元建模的进步将有助于更好地了解伤害机制和人类对头部撞击的耐受性。这些风险函数已被用于评估每个级别比赛的头盔性能，显示不同头盔模型降低脑震荡风险的能力存在显着差异。头部撞击传感器技术的新进展允许在头盔和非头盔运动中进行生物力学测量，以便更全面地了解不同人群的脑震荡耐受性。这些传感器以及有限元建模的进步将有助于更好地了解伤害机制和人类对头部撞击的耐受性。头部撞击传感器技术的新进展允许在头盔和非头盔运动中进行生物力学测量，以便更全面地了解不同人群的脑震荡耐受性。这些传感器以及有限元建模的进步将有助于更好地了解伤害机制和人类对头部撞击的耐受性。头部撞击传感器技术的新进展允许在头盔和非头盔运动中进行生物力学测量，以便更全面地了解不同人群的脑震荡耐受性。这些传感器以及有限元建模的进步将有助于更好地了解伤害机制和人类对头部撞击的耐受性。