Biomaterial implants and medical devices have been utilized extensively in medical treatment with the development of modern medicine, especially in orthopaedics and stomatology. Along with their applications, biomaterial-associated infections (BAIs) have grown to be one of the main postoperative complications. Antimicrobial coating strategies have been reported to effectively inhibit bacterial adhesion and proliferation on implant surface, extending their lifespan. In this review, the most topical antimicrobial coating designs have been chosen from literature studies. Their antimicrobial mechanisms and antimicrobial activity assessments in literature studies have been presented and compared. Based on their active ingredients, antimicrobial coatings are categories into (i) inorganic agents, including Ag, Cu, ZnO, MoS₂ and nitride compound; (ii) organic agents including antibiotic, antimicrobial peptides, polymer, essential oils etc. The review has provided various and detailed options of antimicrobial coating designs for consulting according to their specific application. It is noted that the research of antimicrobial coatings is mostly in vitro and in vivo animal models study. It is thus in need for more preclinical or clinical studies, especially finding the direct connection between the utilization of antimicrobial coated implants and the reduction in BAIs incidence. Furthermore, future antimicrobial coating designs shall respect also biocompatibility, functionality, and durability apart from their antimicrobial activity.

中文翻译：

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生物材料植入物和医疗器械的抗菌涂层综述。

随着现代医学的发展，生物材料植入物和医疗设备已广泛用于医学治疗，尤其是在骨科和口腔医学领域。随着它们的应用，生物材料相关感染（BAI）已经发展成为术后主要并发症之一。据报道，抗菌涂层策略可有效抑制细菌在植入物表面的粘附和扩散，从而延长其使用寿命。在这篇综述中，从文献研究中选择了最局部的抗菌涂层设计。他们的抗菌机制和抗菌活性评估在文献研究中已经提出并进行了比较。基于其活性成分，抗菌涂层可分为以下几类：（i）无机试剂，包括Ag，Cu，ZnO，MoS 2和氮化物；（ii）包括抗生素，抗菌肽，聚合物，精油等在内的有机试剂。审查提供了各种和详细的抗菌涂层设计选项，供其根据具体应用进行咨询。值得注意的是，抗菌涂料的研究大多体外和体内动物模型研究。因此，需要进行更多的临床前或临床研究，尤其是发现使用抗菌涂层的植入物与降低BAI发生率之间的直接联系。此外，未来的抗菌涂层设计除应具有抗菌活性外，还应考虑生物相容性，功能性和耐用性。