Malignant tumors still pose serious threats to human health due to their high morbidity and mortality. Recurrence and metastasis are the most important factors affecting patient prognosis. Chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation used to treat these tumors mainly interfere with tumor metabolism, destroy DNA integrity, and inhibit protein synthesis. The upregulation of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a prevalent posttranslational modification (PTM) in various cancers and plays a critical role in tumor development. The dysregulation of SUMOylation can protect cancer cells from stresses exerted by external or internal stimuli. SUMOylation is a dynamic process finely regulated by SUMOylation enzymes and proteases to maintain a balance between SUMOylation and deSUMOylation. An increasing number of studies have reported that SUMOylation imbalance may contribute to cancer development, including metastasis, angiogenesis, invasion, and proliferation. High level of SUMOylation is required for cancer cells to survive internal or external stresses. Downregulation of SUMOylation may inhibit the development of cancer, making it an important potential clinical therapeutic target. Some studies have already begun to treat tumors by inhibiting the expression of SUMOylation family members, including SUMO E1 or E2. The tumor cells become more aggressive under internal and external stresses. The prevention of tumor development, metastasis, recurrence, and radiochemotherapy resistance by attenuating SUMOylation requires further exploration. This review focused on SUMOylation in tumor cells to discuss its effects on tumor suppressor proteins and oncoproteins as well as classical tumor pathways to identify new insights for cancer clinical therapy.

中文翻译：

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应激条件下SUMOylation的功能及其在癌细胞发育中的作用：系统综述

由于其高发病率和高死亡率，恶性肿瘤仍然对人类健康构成严重威胁。复发和转移是影响患者预后的最重要因素。用于治疗这些肿瘤的化学治疗药物和放射线主要干扰肿瘤代谢，破坏DNA完整性并抑制蛋白质合成。小泛素样修饰物（SUMO）的上调是各种癌症中普遍存在的翻译后修饰（PTM），并且在肿瘤发展中起关键作用。SUMOylation的失调可以保护癌细胞免受外部或内部刺激施加的压力。SUMOylation是由SUMOylation酶和蛋白酶精细调节的动态过程，可在SUMOylation和deSUMOylation之间保持平衡。越来越多的研究报告称SUMOylation失衡可能促进癌症的发展，包括转移，血管生成，侵袭和增殖。癌细胞需要高水平的SUMOylation才能经受住内部或外部压力。SUMOylation的下调可能抑制癌症的发展，使其成为重要的潜在临床治疗靶点。一些研究已经开始通过抑制SUMOylation家族成员（包括SUMO E1或E2）的表达来治疗肿瘤。肿瘤细胞在内部和外部压力下变得更具侵略性。通过减弱SUMOylation来预防肿瘤发展，转移，复发和放化疗耐药性需要进一步探索。