This Review presents the latest advances in designing electrochemical sensors by using carbon nanodots (CNDs), carbon dots (CDs), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), as a new class of photoluminescent nanomaterials, which can be employed in a vast number applications, such as biomedicine, biosensing, optical sensing, catalysis, solar cells, imaging, and electrochemical sensing. Recently, the application of CDs and GQDs in electrochemical sensing has increased significantly because of their unique features such as quantum size, excellent biocompatibility, enzyme‐like activity, high active area, and abundance of hydrophilic groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, or amine functionalities. The applications of CDs and GQDs for the electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide, glucose, other organic molecules, as well as metal ions are presented. The utilization of CDs and GQDs for immunosensing and aptasensing is also reported.

中文翻译：

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电化学传感器和生物传感器中的碳纳米点：综述

这篇综述介绍了通过使用碳纳米点（CND），碳点（CD）和石墨烯量子点（GQD）作为一种新型的光致发光纳米材料来设计电化学传感器的最新进展，该材料可以在众多应用中使用，例如生物医学，生物传感，光学传感，催化，太阳能电池，成像和电化学传感。最近，由于CDs和GQDs的独特特征，例如量子尺寸，出色的生物相容性，类酶活性，高活性区域以及亲水基团（例如羟基，羧基或胺基）的丰富性，其在电化学传感中的应用已大大增加。功能。介绍了CD和GQD在电化学检测过氧化氢，葡萄糖，其他有机分子以及金属离子中的应用。