To reduce the environmental impact of the building sector, environmental targets considering the full life cycle of buildings can be supportive. In recent years, various benchmarks based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) have been developed as part of regulations, labelling systems, sustainability rating tools and research studies. The objective of this paper is to critically analyse 23 existing benchmarking systems focusing on the benchmark methodology but also on the benchmark applications and communication. The critical literature review consists of two parts. In a first part, the choices related to the assessment method, functional equivalent, definition of benchmark values, benchmark scope, benchmark applications and benchmark communication are compared. In the second part, benchmark values are compiled from literature and statistically analysed. The comparative analysis allows to identify the main approaches and methods used in benchmarking systems. For each evaluation aspect, the strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches are highlighted. The statistical analysis provides insight in the spread of benchmark values. Important variations are found between the literature sources which can be explained by differences in benchmark approach, scope, system boundaries and applications. Based on the comparative analysis, recommendations are formulated for the development of LCA benchmarks for the building sector. The results of the statistical analysis furthermore provide reference values which can be used for the validation of future benchmarks. For global warming, the statistical values for the full life cycle impacts (i.e. embodied and operational impacts) range from about 15 up to 35 kg CO2 eq/m2.a.

中文翻译：

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建筑物的环境基准：批判性文献综述

为了减少建筑部门对环境的影响，考虑到建筑物全生命周期的环境目标可以提供支持。近年来，已开发出基于生命周期评估 (LCA) 的各种基准，作为法规、标签系统、可持续性评级工具和研究的一部分。本文的目的是批判性地分析 23 个现有的基准测试系统，重点关注基准测试方法以及基准测试应用程序和通信。批判性文献综述由两部分组成。在第一部分中，比较了与评估方法、功能等效、基准值的定义、基准范围、基准应用程序和基准通信相关的选择。在第二部分，基准值是从文献中汇编和统计分析的。比较分析允许确定基准测试系统中使用的主要方法和方法。对于每个评估方面，强调了各种方法的优点和缺点。统计分析提供了对基准值分布的洞察。在文献来源之间发现了重要的差异，这可以通过基准方法、范围、系统边界和应用程序的差异来解释。在比较分析的基础上，提出了为建筑行业制定 LCA 基准的建议。统计分析的结果还提供了可用于验证未来基准的参考值。对于全球变暖，整个生命周期的统计值影响（即