Where allochthonous large mammals, such as the wild boars, occur in high density, human-wildlife conflicts may arise. Thus, assessing their spatio-temporal patterns is paramount to their management. We studied the wild boars on Elba island, Italy, where they have been introduced and are perceived as pests to address their occurrence and impact of foraging on natural habitat. We surveyed the western island with three camera trapping surveys within one year. We found that the species' estimated occupancy probability was higher in summer-autumn (0.75 ± 0.14) and winter-early spring (0.70 ± 0.10) than in spring–summer (0.53 ± 0.15), whereas detection probability did not vary. Occupancy was significantly associated with lower elevation and woodland cover. Lower site use of wild boars during spring–summer might reflect lower food availability in this season and/or boars’ movements towards landfarms outside the sampled area. Detectability increased with proximity to roads during spring–summer and decreased with humans’ relative abundance in other periods. Boars were mainly nocturnal, with decreasing overlap with human activity when human presence was higher in the park. Soil degradation caused by wild boars was higher in pine plantations, which is the cover with a lower conservation interest. The spatio-temporal activity of wild boars on the island appears driven by seasonal preferences for food-rich cover and avoidance of human disturbance. The lowered site use in months with lower resources could partially reflect increased proximity to settled and farmed areas, which may trigger crop-raiding and the negative perception by residents.

中文翻译：

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客人还是害虫？厄尔巴岛野猪的时空发生及其对土壤和植被的影响

在外来大型哺乳动物（如野猪）高密度出现的地方，可能会出现人与野生动物的冲突。因此，评估他们的时空模式对于他们的管理至关重要。我们研究了意大利厄尔巴岛的野猪，在那里它们被引入并被视为害虫，以解决它们的发生和觅食对自然栖息地的影响。我们在一年内通过三个相机捕获调查对西部岛屿进行了调查。我们发现该物种在夏秋（0.75±0.14）和冬初春（0.70±0.10）的估计占有率高于春夏（0.53±0.15），而检测概率没有变化。入住率与较低的海拔和林地覆盖率显着相关。春夏期间野猪的现场使用量减少可能反映了本季节食物供应量较低和/或公猪向采样区域外的土地迁移。在春夏季，可探测性随着靠近道路而增加，而在其他时期随着人类相对丰度而降低。野猪主要在夜间活动，当公园中人类存在较多时，与人类活动的重叠减少。在松树种植园中，野猪造成的土壤退化程度更高，这是保护兴趣较低的覆盖物。岛上野猪的时空活动似乎受到季节性偏好对食物丰富的覆盖和避免人为干扰的驱动。在资源较少的几个月中，场地使用量的减少可能部分反映了与定居和养殖区的距离增加，