PREMISE The multiple exogenous pathways by which light availability affects plant reproduction (e.g., via influence on attraction of mutualists and antagonists) remain surprisingly understudied. The light environment experienced by a parent can also have transgenerational effects on offspring via these same pathways. METHODS We evaluated (a) the influence of light availability on floral traits in Odontonema cuspidatum, (b) the relative importance of the pathways by which light influences nectar robbery and reproductive output, and (c) the role of parental light environment in mediating these relationships. We conducted a reciprocal translocation experiment using clonally propagated ramets and field surveys of naturally occurring plants. RESULTS Light availability influenced multiple floral traits, including flower number and nectar volume, which in turn influenced nectar robbery. But nectar robbery was also directly influenced by light availability, due to light effects on nectar robber foraging behavior or neighborhood floral context. Parental light environment mediated the link between light availability and nectar robber attraction, suggesting local adaptation to low-light environments in floral visitor attraction. However, we found no transgenerational effect on reproduction. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that exogenous pathways by which light influences plants (particularly through effects on floral antagonists) can complicate the positive relationship between light availability and plant reproduction. Our results are among the first to document effects of light on floral antagonists and clonal transgenerational effects on flower visitor attraction traits.

中文翻译：

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光照可通过多种途径影响采蜜强度及其对热带灌木繁殖的影响

前提 光可用性影响植物繁殖的多种外源途径（例如，通过影响共生和拮抗剂的吸引力）仍然令人惊讶地未得到充分研究。父母所经历的光环境也可以通过这些相同的途径对后代产生跨代影响。方法我们评估了 (a) 光照对虎杖花性状的影响，(b) 光照影响采蜜和生殖输出的途径的相对重要性，以及 (c) 父母光环境在介导这些过程中的作用关系。我们使用克隆繁殖的分株和对天然植物的实地调查进行了相互易位实验。结果 光照可影响多种花卉性状，包括花数和花蜜量，这反过来影响了花蜜抢劫。但是，由于光对花蜜劫掠者觅食行为或附近花卉环境的影响，采蜜行为也直接受到光照的影响。父母的光环境介导了光线可用性和花蜜强盗吸引力之间的联系，表明当地对花卉旅游景点的低光环境的适应。然而，我们没有发现对繁殖的跨代影响。结论我们的研究结果表明，光影响植物的外源途径（特别是通过对花拮抗剂的影响）会使光可用性和植物繁殖之间的正相关复杂化。我们的结果是最早记录光对花卉拮抗剂的影响和对花卉游客吸引力特征的克隆跨代影响的结果之一。