Abstract Thermal insulation under extreme conditions requires materials that can withstand sharp thermal shocks as well as extended high-temperature exposure. In this regard, a new generation of elastic ceramic aerogels (CAGs) are attractive for their tunable structure, light weight, low thermal conductivity, high thermal stability, excellent fire and corrosion resistances, as well as mechanical flexibility. Here we review recent progress in elastic CAGs for thermal superinsulation, focusing on elastic deformability, thermal stability, and thermal insulation. In particular, we first summarize various structure engineering strategies, including one-dimensional nanofibrous structures and two-dimensional nanolayered structures to endow the elasticity that can overcome the intrinsic brittle nature of ceramic materials. We next discuss strategies to further enhance the thermal stability by tuning ceramic crystallinity, oxidation resistance, and thermal expansion behavior, and then elaborate on approaches to reduce the thermal conductivity. Finally, we highlight the optimized elastic CAGs with extreme-low thermal conductivity, ultra-high working temperature, and excellent elasticity for a variety of applications in thermal insulation, gas catalysis, energy storage, and environmental remediation.

中文翻译：

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用于极端条件下绝热的弹性陶瓷气凝胶

摘要 极端条件下的隔热要求材料能够承受剧烈的热冲击以及长时间的高温暴露。在这方面，新一代弹性陶瓷气凝胶（CAGs）因其结构可调、重量轻、导热系数低、热稳定性高、优异的防火和耐腐蚀性以及机械柔韧性而备受关注。在这里，我们回顾了用于绝热的弹性 CAG 的最新进展，重点是弹性变形性、热稳定性和绝热性。特别是，我们首先总结了各种结构工程策略，包括一维纳米纤维结构和二维纳米层状结构，以赋予可以克服陶瓷材料固有脆性的弹性。我们接下来讨论通过调整陶瓷结晶度、抗氧化性和热膨胀行为来进一步提高热稳定性的策略，然后详细说明降低热导率的方法。最后，我们重点介绍了具有极低热导率、超高工作温度和优异弹性的优化弹性 CAG，可用于隔热、气体催化、储能和环境修复等各种应用。