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The Cerro Negro epithermal district, northwestern Deseado Massif (patagonia, Argentina): New insights from telescoped volcanic-hydrothermal systems
Journal of South American Earth Sciences ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103017
C. Permuy Vidal , D.M. Guido , D. Shatwell , R. Lopez , S.M. Jovic , G.N. Páez , P. Moreira

Abstract The Cerro Negro district, northwestern Deseado Massif (Patagonia, Argentina), is one of two world-class Au–Ag epithermal mines in the Patagonian region, with combined reserves, resources, and production of about 8 Moz of Au equivalent. The epithermal deposits are hosted by volcanic and intrusive rocks and are related to the evolution of distinct Jurassic magmatic events. Major WNW trending depocenters were filled by a thick sequence of andesitic-dacitic flows and ignimbrites. In the western part of the district, the sequence is intruded by subvolcanic bodies of the same composition and is grouped into the 159-156 Ma Eureka Volcanic Subvolcanic Complex (EVSC). Hydrothermal activity took place during the last stages of the EVSC, producing epithermal Au- and Ag-rich veins of low to intermediate sulfidation style in the Eureka West (156 Ma) and the Marianas-San Marcos veins (155-154 Ma) that were emplaced in NW striking extensional faults and in WNW to E-W trending strike-slip faults. In the eastern part of the district, basal units of the EVSC are overlain by a thick package of 154 Ma rhyodacitic ignimbrites, hosting the NW to EW-striking Vein Zone deposit and the NW-striking Bajo Negro, Silica cap and Gato Salvaje veins. NNE-trending block faulting formed horsts in the western and eastern parts of the district, separated by a central graben. Uplift of the western and eastern horst blocks lowered the water table and caused erosion, exhumation, and telescoping of the vein systems. Volcanism culminated in a late-to post-mineral rhyolitic event composed of lava-domes and volcaniclastic deposits grouped into the Eureka Rhyolitic Complex (ERC). Continued hydrothermal-volcanic explosive activity produced breccias which cap some of the Au–Ag vein deposits. The high geothermal gradient during ERC volcanism generated renewed hydrothermal activity, and hot springs discharged along the boundary faults of the central graben and within the graben in a fluvio-lacustrine environment. The Au–Ag epithermal veins associated with the EVSC (Eureka and Marianas-San Marcos) show a complex paragenetic history. High Au–Ag grades are related to early sulfide-rich ginguro bands formed at 290–230 °C from meteoric and volcanic fluids due to boiling/flashing mechanism at ∼600–800 m below the paleowater table. Low-grade to barren quartz stages followed the early Au–Ag stage, and late calcite was deposited due to the collapse of steam heated CO2 waters. The highest Au–Ag grades are related to a late supergene event extending to 400 m depth. The eastern group of epithermal deposits (Vein Zone, Bajo Negro, Silica cap and Gato Salvaje) were emplaced ∼300–400 m below the paleowater table indicated by a silica cap on Cerro Negro hill. They are dominated by silica replacement after lattice calcite texture with high Au grades related to low temperature quartz and late hematite-stained brecciation. We conclude that all deposits are genetically related to intrusive activity, and that additional Au–Ag mineralization may be concealed beneath post-mineral volcanic and sedimentary rocks in the central graben.

中文翻译:

Deseado Massif 西北部的 Cerro Negro 超热区(阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚):来自望远镜火山热液系统的新见解

摘要 Cerro Negro 地区位于 Deseado Massif(阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚)西北部,是巴塔哥尼亚地区两个世界级的 Au-Ag 低温热液矿之一,其总储量、资源量和产量约为 8 Moz 金当量。低温热液矿床以火山岩和侵入岩为主体,与不同侏罗纪岩浆事件的演化有关。主要的 WNW 趋势沉积中心被一系列厚厚的安山岩-英安岩流和熔结岩填充。在该地区的西部,该序列被相同成分的次火山体侵入,并被归入 159-156 Ma Eureka 火山次火山复合体 (EVSC)。水热活动发生在 EVSC 的最后阶段,在 Eureka West (156 Ma) 和 Marianas-San Marcos 矿脉 (155-154 Ma) 产生低至中等硫化类型的超热液富金和富银矿脉,这些矿脉位于 NW 突出的伸展断层和 WNW 到 EW 走向中走滑断层。在该地区的东部,EVSC 的基底单元被厚厚的 154 Ma 流纹凝灰岩覆盖,承载着 NW 到 EW 走向的静脉带矿床和 NW 走向的 Bajo Negro、Silica cap 和 Gato Salvaje 静脉。NNE 向地块断层在该区的西部和东部形成地垒,被中央地堑隔开。西部和东部地垒块的抬升降低了地下水位并导致矿脉系统的侵蚀、剥落和伸缩。火山活动在晚期矿物流纹岩事件中达到高潮,该事件由熔岩穹顶和火山碎屑沉积物组成,这些沉积物组合成尤里卡流纹岩复合体 (ERC)。持续的热液-火山爆发活动产生了角砾岩,这些角砾岩覆盖了一些金银矿脉沉积物。ERC 火山作用期间的高地温梯度产生了新的热液活动,温泉沿着中央地堑的边界断层和在河湖环境中的地堑内排出。与 EVSC(尤里卡和马里亚纳-圣马科斯)相关的 Au-Ag 超热液脉显示出复杂的共生历史。高 Au-Ag 品位与早期的富含硫化物的 ginguro 带有关,在 290-230 °C 由流星和火山流体由于沸腾/闪蒸机制在古地下水位以下约 600-800 米处形成。早期的 Au-Ag 阶段之后是低品位到贫瘠的石英阶段,晚期方解石由于蒸汽加热的 CO2 水的坍塌而沉积。最高的 Au-Ag 等级与延伸至 400 m 深度的晚期表生事件有关。东部的低温热液矿床群(Vein Zone、Bajo Negro、Silica cap 和 Gato Salvaje)位于 Cerro Negro 山上的硅帽所指示的古地下水位以下约 300-400 m。它们在晶格方解石织构后以二氧化硅替代为主,具有与低温石英和晚期赤铁矿染色角砾岩相关的高金品位。我们得出的结论是,所有矿床都与侵入活动成因相关,并且额外的 Au-Ag 矿化可能隐藏在中央地堑的后矿物火山和沉积岩之下。由于蒸汽加热的 CO2 水的坍塌,晚期方解石沉积。最高的 Au-Ag 等级与延伸至 400 m 深度的晚期表生事件有关。东部的低温热液矿床群(Vein Zone、Bajo Negro、Silica cap 和 Gato Salvaje)位于 Cerro Negro 山上的硅帽所指示的古地下水位以下约 300-400 m。它们在晶格方解石织构后以二氧化硅替代为主,具有与低温石英和晚期赤铁矿染色角砾岩相关的高金品位。我们得出结论,所有矿床都与侵入活动成因相关,并且额外的 Au-Ag 矿化可能隐藏在中央地堑的后矿物火山和沉积岩之下。由于蒸汽加热的 CO2 水的坍塌,晚期方解石沉积。最高的 Au-Ag 等级与延伸至 400 m 深度的晚期表生事件有关。东部的低温热液矿床群(Vein Zone、Bajo Negro、Silica cap 和 Gato Salvaje)位于 Cerro Negro 山上的硅帽所指示的古地下水位以下约 300-400 m。它们在晶格方解石织构后以二氧化硅替代为主,具有与低温石英和晚期赤铁矿染色角砾岩相关的高金品位。我们得出结论,所有矿床都与侵入活动成因相关,并且额外的 Au-Ag 矿化可能隐藏在中央地堑的后矿物火山和沉积岩之下。最高的 Au-Ag 等级与延伸至 400 m 深度的晚期表生事件有关。东部的低温热液矿床群(Vein Zone、Bajo Negro、Silica cap 和 Gato Salvaje)位于 Cerro Negro 山上的硅帽所指示的古地下水位以下约 300-400 m。它们在晶格方解石织构后以二氧化硅替代为主,具有与低温石英和晚期赤铁矿染色角砾岩相关的高金品位。我们得出结论,所有矿床都与侵入活动成因相关,并且额外的 Au-Ag 矿化可能隐藏在中央地堑的后矿物火山和沉积岩之下。最高的 Au-Ag 等级与延伸至 400 m 深度的晚期表生事件有关。东部的低温热液矿床群(Vein Zone、Bajo Negro、Silica cap 和 Gato Salvaje)位于 Cerro Negro 山上的硅帽所指示的古地下水位以下约 300-400 m。它们在晶格方解石织构后以二氧化硅替代为主,具有与低温石英和晚期赤铁矿染色角砾岩相关的高金品位。我们得出结论,所有矿床都与侵入活动成因相关,并且额外的 Au-Ag 矿化可能隐藏在中央地堑的后矿物火山和沉积岩之下。它们在晶格方解石织构后以二氧化硅替代为主,具有与低温石英和晚期赤铁矿染色角砾岩相关的高金品位。我们得出结论,所有矿床都与侵入活动成因相关,并且额外的 Au-Ag 矿化可能隐藏在中央地堑的后矿物火山和沉积岩之下。它们在晶格方解石织构后以二氧化硅替代为主,具有与低温石英和晚期赤铁矿染色角砾岩相关的高金品位。我们得出结论,所有矿床都与侵入活动成因相关,并且额外的 Au-Ag 矿化可能隐藏在中央地堑的后矿物火山和沉积岩之下。
更新日期:2021-01-01
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