Abstract Agriculture is strongly linked to climate change and has a two-sided relationship with climate change. Although climate change contributes to reducing agricultural productivity, the primary sector is responsible for the production of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; on the other hand, the primary sector could mitigate emissions to foster soil carbon sequestration. Specifically, perennial energy crop systems could produce relevant environmental and socio-economic benefits. This study aimed to highlight the potential efficacy of various fertilizer management strategies in reducing GHG emissions and increasing the social value obtained from carbon storage. Using two methodological approaches, namely, the carbon footprint (CF) and social carbon cost (SCC) methods, five nitrogen fertilization patterns (low input, LI; high input, HI; LI + biochar, LI + Bi; LI + cover crop, LI + CC; and LI + Bi + CC) were compared in an experiment on cardoon cultivation for three consecutive growing seasons. GHG release exceeded GHG removal and ranged from 0.20 (HI) to 0.14 (LI + CC) t CO2e per production unit. LI + CC reduced GHG emissions and optimized yield. The rates of carbon sequestration ranged from 72.7 (HI) to 26.2 (LI) t CO2e t −1 of biomass. Furthermore, the combined use of biochar and a cover crop had no positive effects on C sequestration or GHG emission reduction, unlike these treatments individually. In fact, LI + Bi provided the highest value for C storage (61.1 t CO2e t − 1 of biomass), and LI + CC had the best GHG balance (0.14 t CO2e per production unit). The monetary evaluation of C storage showed that HI would produce the greatest benefits until 2050 (i.e., 9 K US dollars per t CO2e). Although a single best option was not identified among the fertilizer management practices, identifying the optimal trade-offs among productivity, GHG emissions reduction and SCC value is important in ensuring that an energy crop will provide food security as well as environmental and socio-economic sustainability. Furthermore, a potential optimal solution could allow improvements in long-term crop system planning and land use and the development of effective strategies to combat climate change.

中文翻译：

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多年生能源作物系统中的碳足迹和社会碳成本评估：地中海地区肥料管理实践的比较

摘要 农业与气候变化密切相关，与气候变化有两方面的关系。尽管气候变化会导致农业生产力下降，但初级部门还是温室气体 (GHG) 排放的产生者；另一方面，初级部门可以减少排放以促进土壤碳固存。具体而言，多年生能源作物系统可以产生相关的环境和社会经济效益。本研究旨在强调各种肥料管理策略在减少温室气体排放和增加从碳储存中获得的社会价值方面的潜在功效。使用两种方法论方法，即碳足迹 (CF) 和社会碳成本 (SCC) 方法，五种施氮模式（低投入，LI；高投入，HI；LI+生物炭，LI+Bi；LI + 覆盖作物，LI + CC；和 LI + Bi + CC) 在连续三个生长季节的刺猬栽培实验中进行了比较。GHG 排放量超过 GHG 去除量，范围从 0.20 (HI) 到 0.14 (LI + CC) t CO2e 每个生产单元。LI + CC 减少了温室气体排放并优化了产量。生物质的碳封存率为 72.7 (HI) 到 26.2 (LI) t CO2e t -1 。此外，与单独使用生物炭和覆盖作物不同，结合使用生物炭和覆盖作物对碳封存或温室气体减排没有积极影响。事实上，LI + Bi 提供了最高的碳储存值（61.1 t CO2e t − 1 生物质），LI + CC 具有最佳的温室气体平衡（每个生产单位 0.14 t CO2e）。C 存储的货币评估表明，HI 将在 2050 年之前产生最大的收益（即，每吨二氧化碳当量 9,000 美元）。虽然在肥料管理实践中没有确定单一的最佳选择，但确定生产力、温室气体减排和 SCC 价值之间的最佳权衡对于确保能源作物提供粮食安全以及环境和社会经济可持续性很重要. 此外，潜在的最佳解决方案可以改进长期作物系统规划和土地利用，并制定应对气候变化的有效战略。