Magnetically driven thermal changes in magnetocaloric materials have, for several decades, been exploited to pump heat near room temperature. By contrast, their electrocaloric and mechanocaloric counterparts have only been intensively studied and exploited for little more than a decade. These different caloric strands have recently been unified to yield a single field of research that could help combat climate change by generating better heat pumps for both cooling and heating. Here we outline the timeliness of the present activity and discuss recent advances in caloric measurements, materials, and prototypes.

中文翻译：

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制冷制热用热能材料

几十年来，磁热材料中的磁驱动热变化已被用于在室温附近泵送热量。相比之下，他们的电热和机械热对应物仅被深入研究和开发了十多年。这些不同的热量链最近被统一以产生一个单一的研究领域，可以通过产生更好的热泵来冷却和加热来帮助应对气候变化。在这里，我们概述了当前活动的及时性，并讨论了热量测量、材料和原型方面的最新进展。