In the eastern Carpathians the legacy of glaciation is preserved in several isolated mountain massifs. This paper presents new mapping results of glaciated valley land systems in the Rodna Mountains, the highest part of the eastern Carpathians (2303 m above seal level). In most of the glacial valleys, the maximal Pleistocene extent is marked by freshly shaped moraines, which are referred in this study as the Pietroasa glacial stage and regarded as the last glacial maximum (LGM) advance. Only in three valleys do older Şesura glacial stage moraines (pre-LGM, likely Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 6) occur. On the basis of the geomorphological record, we reconstruct the extent, surface geometry, and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of Pietroasa-stage glaciers. The local ELA pattern of north-exposed glaciers in the Rodna Mountains shows a rising trend towards the southeast, which suggests dominant snow-bearing winds and orographically induced precipitation from the west. This finding fits well with the dominant palaeo-wind direction inferred from other Carpathian proxies and confirms the dominance of zonal circulation pattern during the global LGM in central eastern Europe.

中文翻译：

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末次盛冰期罗德纳山脉（喀尔巴阡山脉东部）冰川地貌记录及平衡线高度

在喀尔巴阡山脉东部，冰川作用的遗产保存在几个孤立的山体中。本文介绍了东喀尔巴阡山脉的最高部分（海平面以上 2303 米）罗德纳山脉冰川河谷陆地系统的新测绘结果。在大多数冰川山谷中，最大更新世范围以新形成的冰碛为标志，在本研究中被称为 Pietroasa 冰川阶段，并被视为最后一次冰川最大值 (LGM) 推进。只有在三个山谷中才会出现较旧的 Şesura 冰川阶段冰碛（LGM 之前，可能是海洋氧同位素第 6 阶段）。在地貌记录的基础上，我们重建了彼得罗萨阶段冰川的范围、表面几何形状和平衡线高度（ELA）。罗德纳山脉北露冰川的局部ELA模式显示出向东南方向上升的趋势，这表明主要的带雪风和来自西部的地形诱发降水。这一发现与从其他喀尔巴阡山脉代理推断的主要古风向非常吻合，并证实了在中东欧全球 LGM 期间纬向环流模式的主导地位。