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Seasonal time constraints shape life history, physiology and behaviour independently, and decouple a behavioural syndrome in a damselfly
Oikos ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-12 , DOI: 10.1111/oik.07800
Nedim Tüzün 1 , Beste Başak Savaşçı 2 , Robby Stoks 1
Affiliation  

The integration of traits into ‘syndromes' has been suggested as a useful framework to advance insights in trait responses to environmental stressors. Yet, how stressors shape the consistency (‘repeatability') of traits and their covariation at the individual level remains debated. We studied how seasonal time constraints shape trait repeatability and integration of life‐history, behavioural and physiological traits along a fast–slow continuum, using the ‘pace‐of‐life syndrome' as a framework. We manipulated the photoperiod during the larval development of the damselfly Ischnura elegans, generating a time‐relaxed early, a control, and a time‐constrained late group. The photoperiod treatment did not seem to affect the voltinism of the larvae. As predicted, late‐period larvae accelerated development and growth, yet this acceleration was no longer detectable for growth and metabolic rate during the final instar, possibly due to costs of the initial life‐history acceleration. This warrants caution when inferring a species' pace‐of‐life based on a specific developmental stage. The late‐period larvae were as predicted more active (only during the later stages of the final instar) and bolder than the control larvae, but not different from the early‐period larvae. Most studies on time constraints only compared late and control animals, thereby potentially wrongly concluding adaptive responses to time constraints. Activity, boldness and body mass were repeatable, while growth and metabolic rates were not. Notably, repeatabilities did not change under time constraints. There was no support for an overall trait integration in a pace‐of‐life syndrome, yet activity and boldness covaried positively as expected. Importantly, this ‘behavioural syndrome' was decoupled in the late‐period larvae, which might be adaptive to enhance energy acquisition to fuel the accelerated development rate. Our results suggest that besides the predicted plastic acceleration of life‐history, plastic changes in behavioural trait integration may also be an important but overlooked adaptive aspect of responding to time constraints.

中文翻译:

季节性的时间约束独立地影响着生活史,生理和行为,并在豆娘中分离出行为综合症

有人建议将特征整合到“综合症”中,作为有益的框架,以促进对环境压力源的特征反应的见解。然而,压力源如何塑造性状的一致性(“可重复性”)及其在个体层面的协变仍存在争议。我们以“生活节奏综合症”为框架,研究了季节性时间限制如何塑造性状的可重复性以及生活史,行为和生理性状沿着一个快慢的连续体的整合。在豆娘Ischnura elegans的幼体发育过程中,我们操纵了光周期,生成一个时间松弛的早期组,一个对照组和一个时间受限的晚期组。光周期处理似乎并未影响幼虫的免疫性。如所预测的,后期幼虫加速了发育和生长,但是在最后的龄期中,这种加速不再能检测到生长和代谢率,这可能是由于最初的生命史加速的代价所致。当根据特定的发育阶段推断物种的生活节奏时,需要格外小心。预计后期幼虫比对照组幼虫更活跃(仅在最后期的后期),并且比对照幼虫更大胆,但与早期幼虫没有区别。关于时间限制的大多数研究只比较了晚期动物和对照动物,从而可能错误地得出对时间限制的适应性反应。活动,大胆和体重是可重复的,而生长和新陈代谢率则不可。值得注意的是,可重复性在时间限制下没有变化。没有支持将生活节奏综合症的整体特征整合进去,但是活动性和胆量与预期的呈正相关。重要的是,这种“行为综合症”已在后期幼虫中解耦,这可能是适应性的,可以增强能量的获取,从而加速发展速度。我们的结果表明,除了预期的生活史可塑性加速外,行为特征整合中的可塑性变化也可能是响应时间限制的重要但被忽略的适应性方面。没有支持将生活节奏综合症的整体特征整合进去,但是活动性和胆量与预期的呈正相关。重要的是,这种“行为综合症”已在后期幼虫中解耦,这可能是适应性的,以增强能量的获取,从而加速发展速度。我们的结果表明,除了预期的生活史可塑性加速外,行为特征整合中的可塑性变化也可能是响应时间限制的重要但被忽略的适应性方面。没有支持将生活节奏综合症的整体特征整合进去,但是活动性和胆量与预期的呈正相关。重要的是,这种“行为综合症”已在后期幼虫中解耦,这可能是适应性的,可以增强能量的获取,从而加速发展速度。我们的结果表明,除了预期的生活史可塑性加速外,行为特征整合中的可塑性变化也可能是响应时间约束的重要但被忽略的适应性方面。
更新日期:2020-11-12
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