Influenza virus infection is among the most detrimental threats to the health of humans and some animals, infecting millions of people annually all around the world and in many thousands of cases giving rise to pneumonia and death. All those health crises happen despite previous and recent developments in anti-influenza vaccination, suggesting the need for employing more sophisticated methods to control this malign infection. Main body The innate immunity modules are at the forefront of combating against influenza infection in the respiratory tract, among which, innate T cells, particularly gamma-delta (γδ) T cells, play a critical role in filling the gap needed for adaptive immune cells maturation, linking the innate and adaptive immunity together. Upon infection with influenza virus, production of cytokines and chemokines including CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 from respiratory epithelium recruits γδ T cells at the site of infection in a CCR5 receptor-dependent fashion. Next, γδ T cells become activated in response to influenza virus infection and produce large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, especially IL-17A. Regardless of γδ T cells’ roles in triggering the adaptive arm of the immune system, they also protect the respiratory epithelium by cytolytic and non-cytolytic antiviral mechanisms, as well as by enhancing neutrophils and natural killer cells recruitment to the infection site. In this review, we explored varied strategies of γδ T cells in defense to influenza virus infection and how they can potentially provide balanced protective immune responses against infected cells. The results may provide a potential window for the incorporation of intact or engineered γδ T cells for developing novel antiviral approaches or for immunotherapeutic purposes.

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γδ T 细胞在控制病毒感染（重点是流感病毒）中的作用：对设计新治疗方法的影响

流感病毒感染是对人类和一些动物健康最有害的威胁之一，每年感染全世界数百万人，并在数千例病例中导致肺炎和死亡。尽管抗流感疫苗接种先前和最近取得了进展，但所有这些健康危机仍然发生，这表明需要采用更复杂的方法来控制这种恶性感染。主体先天免疫模块处于对抗呼吸道流感感染的最前沿，其中先天T细胞，特别是γδT细胞在填补适应性免疫细胞所需的空白方面发挥着关键作用成熟，将先天性免疫和适应性免疫联系在一起。感染流感病毒后，呼吸道上皮会产生包括 CCL3、CCL4 和 CCL5 在内的细胞因子和趋化因子，以 CCR5 受体依赖性方式在感染部位招募 γδ T 细胞。接下来，γδ T 细胞响应流感病毒感染而被激活，并产生大量促炎细胞因子，尤其是 IL-17A。无论 γδ T 细胞在触发免疫系统适应性臂中的作用如何，它们还通过溶细胞和非溶细胞抗病毒机制以及通过增强中性粒细胞和自然杀伤细胞招募到感染部位来保护呼吸道上皮。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了 γδ T 细胞防御流感病毒感染的各种策略，以及它们如何潜在地针对受感染的细胞提供平衡的保护性免疫反应。这些结果可能为整合完整或工程化的 γδ T 细胞以开发新的抗病毒方法或用于免疫治疗目的提供了潜在的窗口。