Treating individual patients on the basis of specific factors, such as biomarkers, molecular signatures, phenotypes, environment, and lifestyle is what differentiates the precision medicine initiative from standard treatment regimens. Although precision medicine can be applied to almost any branch of medicine, it is perhaps most easily applied to the field of oncology. Cancer is a heterogeneous disease, meaning that even though patients may be histologically diagnosed with the same cancer type, their tumors may have different molecular characteristics, genetic mutations or tumor microenvironments that can influence prognosis or treatment response. In this review, we describe what methods are currently available to clinicians that allow them to monitor key tumor microenvironmental parameters in a way that could be used to achieve precision medicine for cancer patients. We further describe exciting novel research involving the use of implantable medical devices for precision medicine, including those developed for mapping tumor microenvironment parameters (e.g., O₂, pH, and cancer biomarkers), delivering local drug treatments, assessing treatment responses, and monitoring for recurrence and metastasis. Although these research studies have predominantly focused on and were tailored to humans, the results and concepts are equally applicable to veterinary patients. While veterinary clinical studies that have adopted a precision medicine approach are still in their infancy, there have been some exciting success stories. These have included the development of a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor for canine mast cell tumors and the production of a PCR assay to monitor the chemotherapeutic response of canine high-grade B-cell lymphomas. Although precision medicine is an exciting area of research, it currently has failed to gain significant translation into human and veterinary healthcare practices. In order to begin to address this issue, there is increasing awareness that cross-disciplinary approaches involving human and veterinary clinicians, engineers and chemists may be needed to help advance precision medicine toward its full integration into human and veterinary clinical practices.

根据特定因素（例如生物标志物，分子标记，表型，环境和生活方式）治疗个体患者，是精准医学与标准治疗方案的区别所在。尽管精密医学几乎可以应用于任何医学领域，但它可能最容易应用于肿瘤学领域。癌症是一种异质性疾病，这意味着即使在组织学上可以将患者诊断为相同的癌症类型，他们的肿瘤也可能具有不同的分子特征，遗传突变或肿瘤微环境，从而影响预后或治疗反应。在这篇评论中 我们描述了临床医生目前可使用的哪些方法，使他们能够以某种方式监测关键的肿瘤微环境参数，从而可以为癌症患者提供精准的医学治疗。我们进一步描述了令人兴奋的新颖研究，其中涉及将可植入医疗设备用于精密医学，包括那些用于绘制肿瘤微环境参数（例如O₂，pH和癌症生物标记物），提供局部药物治疗，评估治疗反应以及监测复发和转移。尽管这些研究主要集中于人类并针对人类进行了量身定制，但是其结果和概念同样适用于兽医患者。尽管采用精确医学方法的兽医临床研究仍处于起步阶段，但仍有一些令人兴奋的成功故事。这些措施包括开发用于犬肥大细胞肿瘤的受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂，以及用于监测犬高级别B细胞淋巴瘤的化学治疗反应的PCR检测方法。尽管精密医学是令人兴奋的研究领域，但目前未能将其转化为人类和兽医保健实践。