ABSTRACT: Breeding Adélie penguins forage at sea and return to land to provision their chicks, adjusting their foraging behaviour in response to environmental fluctuations over time. At Béchervaise Island, a nesting site in an East Antarctic population, Adélie penguin diving behaviour remains undocumented. This represents a key area of uncertainty in efforts to understand and predict foraging success at this colony. We compiled a multi-year telemetry dataset from time-depth recorders deployed from 1992 to 2004 on 64 birds at Béchervaise Island. We examined diving activity at multiple scales, ranging from foraging trips (n = 125) to dive bouts (n = 3461) to individual dives (n = 84521), and then characterised the stage- and sex-specific variation in diving behaviour of chick-rearing Adélie penguins using linear mixed effect models. Total foraging trip effort (trip duration, number of dives, vertical distance travelled and number of wiggles [a proxy for prey ingestion]) substantially increased as the chick-rearing period progressed (guard through crèche), consistent with increasing chick provisioning and self-maintenance requirements over time. Foraging activity was predominantly structured in periods of sustained diving bouts, indicating sustained foraging effort over the course of the foraging trip. Diving behaviour (dive-level depth, duration, bottom time and attempts of catch per unit effort) varied in relation to sex and chick-rearing stage. Dives were performed more frequently during high and low levels of solar light, which is likely linked to visual predation strategies or prey activity. Our findings advance our understanding of this population’s foraging behaviour, which is ultimately required to underpin the conservation and management of this breeding colony.

中文翻译：

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从旅行到回合再到潜水：南极东部饲养小鸡的阿德利企鹅的潜水行为的时间模式

摘要：繁殖Adélie企鹅在海上觅食，然后返回陆地饲养雏鸡，以适应随时间变化的环境而调节觅食行为。在南极东部人口的筑巢地贝歇瓦斯岛，阿德利企鹅的潜水行为仍然没有记载。这表示在该殖民地了解和预测觅食成功的努力中存在不确定性的关键领域。我们从1992年至2004年间在贝歇尔维兹岛（BéchervaiseIsland）的64只鸟类上部署的时间深度记录器中收集了多年遥测数据集。我们考察了多种活动的潜水活动，从觅食旅行（n = 125）到潜水爆发（n = 3461）到个人潜水（n = 84521），然后描述了雏鸡潜水行为的阶段和性别差异使用线性混合效应模型饲养Adélie企鹅。随着雏鸡饲养期的发展（从保育期到下垂），总的觅食行程工作量（行程持续时间，潜水次数，垂直移动距离和摆动的次数（捕获猎物的次数））显着增加，这与增加雏鸡的供应和自我养分一致随着时间的推移维护要求。觅食活动主要是在持续的跳水周期中进行的，这表明在觅食过程中持续的觅食努力。潜水行为（潜水深度，持续时间，下潜时间和每单位努力捕获的尝试次数）随性别和养鸡阶段而变化。在高和低水平的日光照射下进行潜水的频率更高，这很可能与视觉掠夺策略或猎物活动有关。我们的研究结果加深了我们对该人群觅食行为的了解，