The genera Oliveria (Apiaceae), Thymus and Satureja (Lamiaceae) encompass important medicinal and aromatic plants of Iran, which contains noteworthy amounts of essential oils (EOs) that are worthy of exploitation on an industrial level, including pesticide formulation development. In this study, the efficacy of five EOs obtained from O. decumbens, T. daenensis, S. sahendica, S. khuzistanica and S. rechingeri, was evaluated against three insects of economic relevance, the mosquito Culex quiquefasciatus, the housefly Musca domestica, and the moth Spodoptera littoralis. Potential non-target effects of these EOs were assessed on earthworms, Eisenia fetida. The chemical composition of the five EOs was determined by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). EOs from O. decumbens, T. daenensis, S. khuzistanica and S. rechingeri were characterized by oxygenated monoterpenes (70.3, 91.6, 89.7 and 89.4%, respectively), whereas the EO from S. sahendica was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (63.3%) followed by oxygenated monoterpenes (35.3%). In all cases, the biogenetically related thymol (0.3–36.7%), carvacrol (1.3–89.6%), p-cymene (2.1–13.7%) and γ-terpinene (1.5–41.3%) were found as the characteristic volatile compounds of the five EOs, with high quantitative variation according to the species considered. The five EOs exhibited high toxicity on the three target insects, with LC50/LD50 values in the range of 16.2–29.3 µg mL-1, 18.1–48.1 µg adult-1 and 7.4–23.1 µg larva-1 on C. quinquefasciatus, M. domestica and S. littoralis, respectively. Toxicity of the five EOs on non-target soil invertebrates was minimal, leading to no or very low (5.0–7.5%) mortality on E. fetida when tested at the concentration of 200 mg kg-1, at variance with the positive control α-cypermetrin, which caused 100% mortality at 0.1 mg kg-1 of soil. Overall, our study discloses new opportunities to farmers growing these Iranian endemic plants, shedding light on the potential of these EOs to formulate effective and eco-friendly insecticides.

中文翻译：

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伞形科和唇形科的富含酚类单萜的精油：对非目标earth的杀虫活性和安全性评价

Oliveria（Apiaceae），胸腺和Satureja（Lamiaceae）属伊朗重要的药用和芳香植物，其中包含大量值得在工业水平上利用的精油（EOs），包括农药制剂的开发。在这项研究中，评估了从O. decumbens，T。daenensis，S。sahendica，S。khuzistanica和S. rechingeri中获得的5种EO对三种与经济相关的昆虫，即库蚊（Culex quiquefasciatus），家蝇（Musca domestica），和飞蛾斜纹夜蛾。评估了这些EOs对effectsEisenia fetida的潜在非目标作用。通过气相色谱（GC-FID）和气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）确定五个EO的化学组成。O. decumbens，T。daenensis，S。khuzistanica和S. rechingeri的特征是含氧的单萜（分别为70.3％，91.6％，89.7％和89.4％），而来自S. sahendica的EO以单萜烃（63.3％）为主，其次是含氧的单萜（35.3％）。在所有情况下，发现与生物遗传相关的百里酚（0.3-36.7％），香芹酚（1.3-89.6％），对伞花烯（2.1-13.7％）和γ-萜品烯（1.5-41.3％）是香根草的典型挥发性化合物。五个EO，根据所考虑的物种具有较高的定量变化。五个EO对三种目标昆虫均表现出高毒性，LC50 / LD50值分别对成年C. quinquefasciatus，M的LC-1 / LD50值为16.2–29.3 µg mL-1、18.1–48.1 µg成年-1和7.4–23.1 µg幼虫-1。家蝇和滨海链球菌分别。五个EO对非目标土壤无脊椎动物的毒性很小，导致没有毒性或毒性很低（5.0-7。当在200 mg kg-1的浓度下测试时，对F. fetida的死亡率为5％，与阳性对照α-cypermetrin的差异导致在0.1 mg kg-1的土壤中100％的死亡率。总体而言，我们的研究向农民展示了这些伊朗特有植物的种植带来了新的机遇，阐明了这些EOs配制有效和生态友好型杀虫剂的潜力。