The idea of using industrial, agrarian, domestic, construction and demolition wastes as sustainable binders substituting Portland cement in stabilization of soils is considered a modern-day concept. The choice of which residues to be used in each specific earthwork is not a simple one, as it largely depends on the distance between where wastes are generated and where they could be used. Material transportation costs may be economically infeasible if the distance is too long. Current research evaluates the potential of pozzolanic wastes studied herein (coal bottom ash - BA, rice husk ash - RHA, ground glass - GG, ground clay brick - GCB), and carbide lime (CL), as possible hydraulic cements (substituting Portland cement) to enhance behaviour of poorly graded sand. Such blends, when compacted, have potential application in construction of stabilized rammed walls, as well as beds of pipelines and spread footings, and as base/subbase of pavements. Pozzolanic reactions occur between silica/alumina in amorphous phases (found in pozzolanic wastes) and Ca⁺⁺ (existent in CL) in alkaline environments. The amount and type of pozzolan used, the carbide lime content, and the blend porosity affect the loss of mass, stiffness, and strength of compacted sand-pozzolan-CL mixtures. Outcomes have revealed typical normalized tendencies among accumulated loss of mass (ALM) – porosity/binder index (η/B_iv), initial shear modulus (G₀) – η/B_iv and unconfined compressive strength (q_u) – η/B_iv for the blends, even though each pozzolan has its own distinct characteristics. From a practicing viewpoint, moulding a sand specimen containing given pozzolan and lime amounts, a specific porosity, and cured for a particular time, allows the determination of the curve in which η/B_iv controls ALM, G₀ and q_u for a complete range of porosities and pozzolan and lime contents. Such findings contribute in reducing the quantity of specimens required to be moulded and tested, diminishing earthwork design costs.

使用工业，农业，家庭，建筑和拆除废物作为可持续的粘结剂代替波特兰水泥来稳定土壤的想法被认为是现代的概念。在每个特定的土方工程中使用哪种残留物的选择并不是一个简单的选择，因为这很大程度上取决于产生废物的地点与可以使用它们之间的距离。如果距离太长，材料运输成本在经济上可能不可行。当前的研究评估了本文研究的火山灰废料（煤底灰-BA，稻壳灰-RHA，磨碎的玻璃-GG，磨碎的粘土砖-GCB）和电石石灰（CL）的潜力，可能用作水硬性水泥（代替硅酸盐水泥） ），以提高坡度不佳的沙子的行为。这类混合物压实后，在稳定的夯土墙，管道床和铺展的基础以及人行道的底基层中具有潜在的应用价值。火山灰反应发生在非晶相的二氧化硅/氧化铝（在火山灰废物中发现）和Ca之间⁺⁺（在CL中存在）在碱性环境中。火山灰的使用量和类型，碳化钙的含量以及混合气孔率会影响压实的沙子-火山灰-CL混合物的质量，刚度和强度的损失。结果表明，累积质量损失（ALM）–孔隙度/粘合剂指数（η/ B _iv），初始剪切模量（G ₀）–η/ B _iv和无侧限抗压强度（q _u）–η/ B之间具有典型的标准化趋势。_iv即使每种火山灰都有自己独特的特征 从实践观点来看，成型含有给定的火山灰和石灰的量，一个特定的孔隙率，并固化一段特定的时间，允许曲线的确定一个砂试样，其中η/ B _IV控制ALM，G ₀和q _Ü为一个完整孔隙率范围，火山灰和石灰含量。这些发现有助于减少需要成型和测试的样品数量，从而减少了土方工程设计成本。