Outbreaks and the rapid transmission of viruses, such as coronaviruses and influenza viruses, are serious threats to human health. A major challenge in combating infectious diseases caused by viruses is the lack of effective methods for prevention and treatment. Nanotechnology has provided a basis for the development of novel antiviral strategies. Owing to their large modifiable surfaces that can be functionalized with multiple molecules to realize sophisticated designs, nanomaterials have been developed as nanodrugs, nanocarriers, and nano-based vaccines to effectively induce sufficient immunologic memory. From this perspective, we introduce various nanomaterials with diverse antiviral mechanisms and summarize how nano-based antiviral agents protect against viral infection at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. We summarize the applications of nanomaterials for defense against emerging viruses by trapping and inactivating viruses and inhibiting viral entry and replication. We also discuss recent progress in nano-based vaccines with a focus on the mechanisms by which nanomaterials contribute to immunogenicity. We further describe how nanotechnology may improve vaccine efficacy by delivering large amounts of antigens to target immune cells and enhancing the immune response by mimicking viral structures and activating dendritic cells. Finally, we provide an overview of future prospects for nano-based antiviral agents and vaccines.

冠状病毒和流行性感冒病毒等病毒的爆发和快速传播是对人类健康的严重威胁。对抗由病毒引起的传染病的主要挑战是缺乏有效的预防和治疗方法。纳米技术为开发新型抗病毒策略提供了基础。由于可以用多个分子进行功能化以实现复杂设计的较大的可修饰表面，纳米材料已被开发为纳米药物，纳米载体和基于纳米的疫苗，可以有效地诱导足够的免疫记忆。从这个角度出发，我们介绍了具有不同抗病毒机制的各种纳米材料，并总结了基于纳米的抗病毒剂如何在分子，细胞和有机体水平上防止病毒感染。我们总结了纳米材料通过捕获和灭活病毒以及抑制病毒进入和复制来防御新兴病毒的应用。我们还将讨论基于纳米的疫苗的最新进展，重点是纳米材料促进免疫原性的机制。我们进一步描述了纳米技术如何通过将大量抗原递送至靶标免疫细胞并通过模仿病毒结构和激活树突状细胞来增强免疫反应来提高疫苗效力。最后，我们概述了基于纳米的抗病毒剂和疫苗的未来前景。我们还将讨论基于纳米的疫苗的最新进展，重点是纳米材料促进免疫原性的机制。我们进一步描述了纳米技术如何通过将大量抗原递送至靶标免疫细胞并通过模仿病毒结构和激活树突状细胞来增强免疫反应来提高疫苗效力。最后，我们概述了基于纳米的抗病毒剂和疫苗的未来前景。我们还将讨论基于纳米的疫苗的最新进展，重点是纳米材料促进免疫原性的机制。我们进一步描述了纳米技术如何通过将大量抗原递送至靶标免疫细胞并通过模仿病毒结构和激活树突状细胞来增强免疫反应来提高疫苗效力。最后，我们概述了基于纳米的抗病毒剂和疫苗的未来前景。